MODERN 
SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 

DEFINED  ANBJLLtJSTRATED: 
RF.  PEASE 


UC-NRLF 


SH 


CO. 


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/TAHERMIT  welding  should  not  be  confused 
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MODERN 
SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 

DEFINED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


OF    PRACTICAL    VALUE 


HOW  TO  READ  A  DRAWING 

By  VINCENT  C.  GETTY 

64  Pages.    62  Illustrations.    Cloth.    Size  6\  x  pf.    $1.00  net. 

The  main  principles  of  drawing  thoroughly  explained  and 
sufficient  examples  given  to  enable  anyone  to  understand  clearly 
any  drawing.  No  technical  knowledge  presupposed.  Clear  and 
concise. 

FIRST  AID  IN  EMERGENCIES 

By  ELDRIDGE  L.  ELIASON,  M.D. 

233  Pages.     106  Illustrations.    Cloth,    izmo.    $1.50  net. 

Complete  course  of  first  aid  treatment,  thumb  indexed  for 
ready  reference,  written  for  the  laity,  firemen,  police,  life  guards, 
sailors,  boy  scouts,  explorers,  factory  workers,  etc.  Untechnical 
and  thorough.  Often  a  life  saver. 

NAVIGATION 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  DIAGRAMS 

By  DR.  ALFRED  G.  MAYOR,  of  Princeton  University 
207  Pages.    97  Line  Drawings.      Cloth.      Small  I2mo.      $1.50  net. 

The  art  of  navigation  thoroughly  taught  by  means  of  simple 
diagrams  which  require  only  a  knowledge  of  ordinary  arithmetic. 
Immediate  practical  use  can  be  made  by  the  instructions  given. 

FUNDAMENTALS  OF  NAVAL  SERVICE 
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55*0  Pages.    Illustrated.     Limp  Cloth  Binding.     i2mo.    $2.00  net. 

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types  of  fighting  ships.  Practical  and  authoritative. 


MODERN 
SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 

DEFINED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


BY 

F.  FORREST  PEASE 

STAFF    INSTRUCTOR,    EDUCATION   AND    TRAINING    SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD,  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION 

INCLUDING 

A  SERIES  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS  SHOWING  THE 
PROGRESSIVE  STEPS  OF  CONSTRUCTION 

TOGETHER  WITH  AN 

APPENDIX  ON  ELECTRIC  WELDING 


82  PLATES 

2000  DEFINITIONS 

850  OF  THEM  ILLUSTRATED 


PHILADELPHIA  AND  LONDON 
J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


COPYRIGHT,    IQiS,    BY  J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


Electrotyped  and  Printed  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company 
The  Washington  Square  Press,  Philadelphia,  U.  S.  A. 


FOREWORD 

OUR  Government  needs  ships,  and  from  every  walk  of  life 
men  come  to  the  shipyards  and  endeavor,  to  the  best  of  their  abil- 
ity, to  aid  the  comparatively  few  experienced  shipbuilders.  These 
new  men  are  handicapped  not  alone  by  the  fact  that  they  (must 
deal  with  new  standards,  new  ideas,  new  materials  and  new  meth- 
ods, but  that  the  very  language  employed  is  foreign  to  them. 
Matters  are  further  complicated  because  many  of  the  skilled 
ship  workers  with  whom  they  come  in  contact  have  gained 
their  experience  in  shipyards' of  various  European  countries  and 
fail  to  agree  about  many  things. 

A  majority  of  the  few  books  available  have  been  written 
abroad  and  deal,  for  the  most  part,  with  the  standards  and  prac- 
tices native  to  the  authors  and  of  the  period  previous  to  the  pres- 
ent emergency.  We  have  made  a  most  commendable  effort  in 
this  country  to  standardize  shipbuilding.  Those  of  us  who  strug- 
gle with  the  problems  of  getting  the  work  done  will  surely  wel- 
come any  effort  that  tends  to  relieve  the  present  confusion  of 
tongues,  that  is,  to  standardize  terms. 

In  this  edition  of  "Modern  Shipbuilding  Terms  Defined 
and  Illustrated  "  an  attempt  is  made  to  explain  the  more  common 
words  and  phrases  used  in  building  a  steel  ship  at  the  present 
time.  The  illustrations  in  nearly  every  case  are  taken  from  ships 
just  built  or  now  building,  and  the  arrangement  is  such  that,  if 
studied  in  order,  they  will  convey  a  fair  idea  of  the  modern  system 
of  shipbuilding. 

The  first  eighteen  pictures  illustrate  the  work  of  "  regular 
shipbuilders  "  in  one  of  our  best  "  old  yards."  The  next  fifteen 
pictures  illustrate  the  modern  miracle,  "  a  fabricated  ship " 
being  "  assembled  "  at  one  of  our  biggest  and  best  "  new  yards." 
The  pictures  of  tools,  machines  and  installations  have  been  selected 
for  the  purpose,  first,  of  making  clear  certain  definitions,  and, 
second,  of  giving  an  idea  of  general  practice.  Each  definition  has 
been  written  with  the  aim  of  being  intelligible  to  one  without  a 


4  FOREWORD 

technical  education.  Whenever  possible,  in  addition  to  the  defini- 
tions, a  reference  is  made  to  a  plate  wherein  the  object  may  be 
seen  in  its  relations  to  other  parts  of  the  ship.  In  the  appendix 
important  subjects  have  been  treated  more  fully  than  could  be 
done  in  the  body  of  the  text.  The  practice  of  keeping  this  book 
at  hand  and  using  it  whenever  occasion  arises  should  enable  one 
to  speak  and  write  accurately  concerning  the  numerous  parts  of  a 
ship  and  its  equipment,  and  thus  to  avoid  errors  that  are  detri- 
mental to  the  individual  and  injurious  to  our  Cause. 

The  earnest  desire  of  the  author  is  to  help  those  who  strive 
to  build  "the  bridge  of  ships."  Corrections,  questions  and  sug- 
gestions will  be  gratefully  received. 

Credit  and  appreciation  is  herewith  given  for  the  generous 
aid  of  the  following:  The  United  States  Shipping  Board,  The 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  The  New  York  Ship- 
building Corporation,  The  Bethlehem  Shipbuilding  Cor- 
poration, The  Submarine  Boat  Corporation,  The  W.  &  A. 
Fletcher  Company,  The  General  Electric  Company,  The  West- 
inghouse  Electric  Company,  The  Manitowoc  Shipbuilding  Com- 
pany, and  The  Marine  Engineering  Journal. 

Acknowledgment  is  also  made  of  valuable  assistance  given  by 
the  following  in  reading  manuscript  and  for  helpful  suggestions : 
Mr.  Charles  E.  Sanford,  Assistant  Naval  Architect,  Submarine 
Boat  Corporation;  Mr.  E.  E.  Barnett,  Marine  Engineer;  Mr. 
K.  G.  Smith,  M.E. ;  Mr.  A.  J.  Grassick,  Foreman  Mold  Loft,  and 
Mr.  O.  H.  Tomlin,  Director  Training,  both  of  the  Fore  River 
Plant,  Bethlehem  Shipbuilding  Corporation;  Mr.  Earl  Roth,  In- 
structor, New  York  Shipbuilding  Corporation;  also  to  Mr.  H.  A. 
Horner,  E.E.,  Head  of  Electric  Welding  for  Education  and  Train- 
ing Section;  Mr.  William  C.  Schrader,  Assistant  to  above;  Mr. 
James  MacKinney,  Staff  Instructor,  Education  and  Training  Sec- 
tion, and  Mr.  Alfred  H.  Haag,  Chief  Constructor,  Engineering 
Section,  all  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation. 

F.  FORREST  PEASE. 
AUGUST,  1918. 


MODERN 
SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 

DEFINED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


Abaft.  Behind;  towards  the  stern 
of  a  vessel. 

Abandon.  To  leave  a  ship  when 
not  seaworthy. 

Abeam.  An  object  is  said  to  be 
abeam  of  a  vessel  when  seen 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the 
side  and  in  a  horizontal  plane. 

Aboard.     On  board;  in  the  ship. 

Aboveboard.    Above  deck. 

Abreast,     Opposite   to;    against. 

Access  hole.  A  hole  through  cas- 
ing, bulkhead  or  deck  to  enable 
one  to  reach  work  or  gear.  See 
Plate  IX. 

Accommodation  ladder.  A  light 
temporary  ladder  hung  over  the 
ship's  side  at  the  gangway. 

Acetylene.    See  Appendix. 

Adrift.  Afloat  or  unfastened,  as  a 
boat  or  a  spar;  a  ship  which  has 
parted  from  her  anchor. 

Adze.  A  steel  instrument  with 
an  arching  blade  across  the  line 
of  the  handle,  and  ground  from 
a  base  on  its  inside  to  the  outer 
edge;  used  fo<r  chipping  a  hori- 
zontal surface  of  timber. 

Aft.     Toward  the  stern. 

After  body.  That  portion  of  the 
hull  between  amidships  and 
stern. 


After  hatchway.  The  hatchway 
nearest  the  stern. 

After  peak.  A  compartment  in 
the  extreme  stern. 

After-peak  bulkhead.  The  bulk- 
head at  the  stern  next  to  the 
after  peak;  always  watertight. 
See  Plate  XXIV. 

After  perpendicular.  A  vertical 
straight  line  at  the  after  edge 
of  a  rudder  post. 

Aground.  Resting  on  the  ground. 
A  vessel  resting  on  the  shore  or 
bottom  so  as  to  be  unable  to 
move  is  said  to  be  aground. 

Ahead.  In  front  of,  before;  to 
propel  the  ship  forward. 

Ahead  and  astern  eccentric  rods. 
Rods  controlling  valve  motion 
of  engine. 

Air  cock.  A  cock  fitted  to  a  pump, 
hot-well,  condenser,  etc.,  to  pre- 
vent the  entry  or  escape  of  air; 
on  boiler,  to  run  off  all  air  be- 
fore steaming. 

Air  course.  A  space  from  4"  to  6" 
wide  in  the  ceiling  or  between 
the  beam  ends  of  a  vessel  for 
the  admission  of  air. 

Air-course  bars.  Shutters  to  close 
the  air  courses  when  desired. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Air  hammer.  A  hammer  driven  by 
compressed  air  for  riveting. 
Sometimes  called  an  air  gun  or 
11  gun." 

Air  holding- on  hammer.  A  ham- 
mer with  air  cushion  for  holding 
against  a  rivet.  See  Plate  LV. 

Air  pipes.  Pipes  leading  from  the 
tank  or  double  bottom  to  the 
upper  side  of  the  main  deck 
for  the  purpose  of  letting  air 
into  the  tanks,  when  the  water 
ballast  is  being  pumped  out. 

Air  port.  An  opening  in  the  ves- 
sel's side  or  deck  house  for 
ventilation. 

Air  pump.  A  machine  for  ex- 
hausting the  air  from  a  con- 
denser. When  a  reciprocating 
engine  is  used  it  is  generally 
driven  directly  by  means  of  a 
lever.  With  turbines,  an  aux- 
iliary engine,  turbine,  or  motor 
is  used. 

Air  pump  bucket  packing.  The 
packing  around  the  bucket  or 
piston  making  tight  contact  with 
walls  of  air  cylinder. 

Air  valve.  A  valve  controlling  air 
for  forced  draft  to  boilers  (oper- 
ated by  a  lever  on  front  of  boiler). 
See  Plate  XXXVIII. 

Alarm  valve.  A  small  safety 
valve  to  give  alarm  in  case  main 
safety  valve  should  prove  de- 
fective. 

Aloft.  Up  in  the  tops;  overhead; 
in  the  upper  rigging  or  on  the 
yards,  etc. 

Alow.  Low  down,  below;  or  be- 
low deck. 


Amidships.  Generally  speaking, 
the  middle  portion  of  a  vessel. 

Anchor.  An  iron  instrument  for 
holding  a  ship  or  other  vessel  at 
rest  in  the  water. 

Anchor  deck  (old  term).  The 
monkey  forecastle,  principally 
used  for  the  storage  of  the 
bowers.  See  Forecastle. 

Angle.  The  point  where  two 
lines  meet.  Sometimes  used  as 
a  shorter  term  for  angle  iron. 

Angle   bars.     Bars    of   iron  with- 
cross-section  the  shape  of  a  right 
angle. 

Angle  iron.     See  Angle  bars. 

Angle  clip.  A  piece  of  angle  iron 
used  to  fasten  one  part  of  a 
ship's  structure  to  another.  See 
Plates  XIX  and  LXII. 

Angle  collar.  A  fitting  made  of 
angle  iron,  and  used  to  make 
watertight  a  deck,  bulkhead, 
etc.,  where  it  is  pierced  by  some 
structural  shape. 

Angle  knee.  See  Staples;  also, 
see  Plate  LX. 

Angle  staples.  See  Staples,  also 
Plates  LX  and  LXI. 

Anneal.  To  render  iron  or  other 
metals  less  brittle,  by  heating  and 
cooling  slowly. 

Apeak.  An  anchor  is  apeak 
when  the  cable  is  as  nearly  ver- 
tical as  is  possible  without  lift- 
ing the  anchor  from  the  bottom. 

Apron  plate.  A  small  plate  on 
forecastle  deck  to  cover  stem, 
sometimes  used  to  support  a 
chock.  See  Plate  XXX. 

Apron,  stemson,  or  stomach- 
piece  (wooden  ship  term).  A 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


backing  or  strengthening  timber 
behind  the  stem-post  of  a  vessel. 

Arching.     See  Hogging. 

Arch  piece  (of  stern  frame).  The 
curved  portion  of  the  sternpost 
above  the  screw  aperture  or 
well.  See  Plate  XXVII. 

Ardency.  The  tendency  a  ship 
has  to  fly  up  to  the  wind,  thus 
showing  that  the  position  of  her 
center  of  effort  is  abaft  the 
center  of  lateral  resistance. 

Ash  cocks.  Cocks  serving  to  sup- 
ply water  to  cool  hot  ashes ;  some- 
times called  fireman's  cocks. 

Ash  ejector.  An  ejector  for  dis- 
charging ashes  overboard. 

Ash  hoist.  The  gear,  consisting 
of  a  winch,  bucket,  etc.,  by 
which  ashes  are  hoisted  from 
the  fire  room. 

Ash  pit.  The  space  below  the  fire 
grate  of  the  furnace. 

Ash  shute.  A  movable  iron  shute 
by  which  ashes  are  passed  over- 
board. 

Ashore.    On  terra  firma,  aground. 

Assemble.  To  collect  or  put  into 
place  different  parts. 

Astern.  Just  beyond  the  stern, 
looking  aft.  Opposite  of  going 
ahead. 

Athwart,  athwartships.  Across, 
from  side  to  side.  Hence  the 
rowers'  seats  in  an  open  boat 
are  called  "  thwarts "  because 
they  are  athwart,  or  across  the 
boat;  transverse. 

Auxiliaries.  A  term  applied  to 
machines  aboard  ship  other  than 
the  propelling  machinery. 


Auxiliary  foundations.  The  sup- 
ports for  pumps,  condensers, 
distillers,  etc. 

Auxiliary  steam  pipe.  A  pipe  at- 
tached to  a  steam  dome  for 
leading  steam  to  auxiliary 
engines. 

Awning  deck.    See  Deck. 

Babbitt  metal.  A  metal  used  for 
bearings;  generally  composed  10 
parts  tin,  i  copper,  i  antimony. 

Back-board.  A  support  for  the 
back  of  a  person  steering  a  boat. 

Backing.  Making  a  vessel  go 
backwards  or  astern. 

Backing  angle.  A  piece  of  angle 
iron  for  reinforcing  at  the  butt 
point  or  splice  of  two  angle 
irons,  put  on  back  side. 

Backstays.  Ropes  stretched  from 
a  mast  or  topmast  head  tot  the 
sides  of  a  vessel,  slightly  aft  of 
the  mast,  to  give  extra  support 
to  the  mast  to  keep  it  from  going 
forward. 

Baffle  plates.  Plates  fitted  in  a 
surface  condenser  opposite  the 
steam  entrance,  for  the  purpose 
of  distributing  the  steam  equally 
over  the  tubes.  Used  in  boilers 
to  keep  water  from  entering  the 
steam  pipe. 

Balance  cylinder.  A  small  cylinder 
enclosing  a  valve  balance  piston. 
See  Plate  XXXIV. 

Balance  piston.  A  small  piston 
enclosed  in  a  cylinder  on  the  top 
of  a  steam  chest  to  assist  the 
lifting  of  a  slide  valve.  See  Plate 
XXXIV. 


8 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Balanced  rudder.  A  rudder  so 
hung  that  part  of  the  rudder 
blade  extends  forward  of  the 
rudder  post  (a  design  used  on 
fast  vessels  to  relieve  the  strain 
from  the  steering  gear). 

Ball  weights  (on  governors).  Ball- 
shaped  weights  that  by  virtue  of 
centrifugal  force  tend  to  move 
and  so  operate  governor  valve. 
See  Plate  XLI. 

Ballast.  Anything  used  solely  to 
load  the  ship,  for  stability  or 
submerging  purposes. 

Ballast  port.  A  small  square 
aperture  in  a  vessel's  side,  for 
taking  in  or  discharging  of 
ballast. 

Ballast  pump.  A  pump  for  handling 
ballast  water  to  take  care  of 
weather  conditions  at  sea. 

Ballast  tanks.  Tanks  for  ballast, 
usually  filled  with  fresh  water.  As 
this  fresh  water  is  withdrawn 
for  use,  salt  water  can  take  its 
place  in  the  tank. 

Banjo  frame.  An  apparatus  for 
lifting  or  lowering  the  propel- 
ler of  an  "  auxiliary  screw 
steamer "  from  the  "screw 
well,"  as  required. 

Bank.  An  elevated  part  of  the 
bottom  of  the  sea,  sometimes 
dangerous  to  navigation. 

Bar  iron.  Iron  wrought  into  mal- 
leable bars  of  various  cross- 
sections. 

Bar  keel.  A  vertical  keel  ex- 
tending below  bottom  line  of 
the  hull,  made  of  a  heavy  rec- 
tangular bar.  The  garboard 


plates  knuckle  or  bend  down 
and  are  riveted  to  the  bar  keel. 

Bar  stringer.  Two  angle  bars  fit- 
ted back  to  back,  placed  at  the 
inside  of  the  frames  in  any  part 
of  the  vessel  above  the  floors. 

Barge.  A  general  name  given  to 
vessels  buil^to  be  towed. 

Bark.  A  three-masted  vessel, 
square  rigged  on  the  fore  and 
main  masts,  and  fore-and-aft 
rigged  on  the  mizzen. 

Barkentine.  A  three-masted'  ves- 
sel, square  rigged  on  the  fore- 
mast, and  fore  and  aft  on  the 
main  and  mizzen. 

Barnacles.  A  general  term  among 
seafaring  men  for  any  of  those 
shelled  animals  of  the  division 
mollusca,  which  fix  themselves 
to  the  bottom  of  boats,  the  piles 
of  quays,  piers,  etc.,  under  wa- 
ter, and  more  especially  at  the 
water  line,  or  between  high  and 
low  water  marks. 

Barrel,  capstan.  That  part  of  the 
capstan  which  turns,  and  around 
which  the  rope  is  wound  for 
hauling  purposes. 

Baseplate,  bedplate.  A  heavy  cast- 
ing of  metal,  forming  a  bed  or 
foundation  of  a  machine  of  any 
kind.  See  Plate  XXXV. 

Basin.  A  dock  in  which  vessels 
float  at  any  stage  of  the  tide. 

Bat  rivet.  A  rivet  with  a  cone 
head. 

Batten.  A  slender  strip  of  wood 
used  to  establish  lines. 

Batten  bar.  A  bar  of  iron  used 
to  fasten  down  a  tarpaulin  over 
a  hatch. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Battens,  cargo.  Strips  of  iron  or 
wood  placed  on  the  frames  of  a 
ship  to  keep  the  cargo  clear. 

Battened  down.  To  make  water- 
tight the  tarpaulin  covering  over 
hatches  by  means  of  battens, 
wedges  and  cleats,  securely 
fastened  to  the  hatchway  coam- 
ings. 

Beak,  beakhead.  The  beak  is  the 
extreme  forepart  of  a  vessel. 
The  beakhead  is  the  small  plat- 
form between  the  figure-head 
and  the  bulwarks  of  the  fore- 
castle. 

Beam.  The  greatest  width  of  a 
vessel. 

Beams.  The  members  of  a  ship's 
frame  that  span  a  vessel  from 
side  to  side.  (Half  beams  ex- 
tend from  side  of  hatch  to 
side  of  ship.)  The  molding  of  a 
beam  is  its  size  up  and  down. 
The  siding  of  a  beam  is  its 
measurement  fore  and  aft.  Beams 
are  given  the  name  of  the  deck  in 
which  they  are  placed;  as,  bridge 
deck  beams,  main  deck  beams, 
poop  deck  beams,  shelter  deck 
beams,  etc.  See  Plate  XII. 

Beam  angle  bar.  Any  angle  bar 
used  in  the  construction  of  the 
beam. 

Beam  brackets.  Triangular  steel 
plates  used  to  fasten  steel  beams 
in  a  steel  ship  to  the  side  frames. 
See  Plate  XXVI. 

Beam  catlings.  Short  pieces  of 
timber,  bulb-plates,  etc.,  fitted 
diagonally  or  longitudinally  be- 
tween the  deck  beams  to  stiffen 
them. 


Beam  engine.  An  engine  having 
a  pivoted  beam  connected  be- 
tween piston  rod  and  connect- 
ing rod.  (In  general  use  on 
side-wheel  steamers.) 

Beam  grabs.  Iron  claws  gripping 
an  overhead  beam  in  the  engine 
room  for  lifting  shafts,  cylin- 
der covers  and  other  parts  of 
machinery. 

Beam  knees.  Blocks  of  wood  used 
to  fasten  the  beams  to  the  frame- 
work (in  wooden  ship).  End  of 
steel  beams  turned  down  and 
connected  to  top  of  side  frames. 

Bearding.  The  knuckle  line  of 
plating  at  the  stem  and  stern- 
post. 

Bearding  angle.  An  angle  con- 
necting stem  to  shell  plating. 

Bearers.  The  vertical  plates  that 
take  the  load  in  a  foundation  or 
stool. 

Bearing  blocks.  The  bottom  half 
of  main  bearings. 

Bearing  bolts.  Bolts  by  which  the 
brasses,  caps  and  keepers  of  a 
bearing  are  held  in  place. 

Bearing  keeper.  A  keep  or  cap  cov- 
ering a  shaft  bearing  of  any 
kind. 

B-eckets.  Small  eyes  fastened  at 
the  breach  end  of  blocks  to 
take  the  thimble  on  the  stand- 
ing part  of  a  tackle.  They  are 
useful  to  have  on  all  spare 
tackle  blocks. 

Bed.  That  portion  of  the  extreme 
fore  end  of  a  vessel  on  which 
the  middle  part  of  a  bowsprit 
is  lodged  or  bedded;  also,  that 
part  of  the  bowsprit  in  the  bed. 


IO 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Bedplate.  A  plate  forming  the 
base  of  an  engine,  winch  or  other 
piece  of  machinery.  See  Base- 
plate. 

Bees  (of  a  bowsprit).  Battens  of 
wood  or  iron  attached  one  each 
side  to  a  bowsprit,  each  having 
a  hole  near  the  bowsprit-cap, 
through  which  the  fore-topmast 
stays  are  rove  to  form  their 
support. 

Before.  Forward,  in  front  of; 
more  often  expressed  afore. 

Belay.  To  make  fast  a  rope  by 
twisting  it  round  (in  the  man- 
ner of  a  figure  8)  a  cleat,  kevel, 
or  belaying-pin,  without  tying 
it  into  a  knot. 

Belaying-pins.  Wooden  or  metal 
pins  inserted  in  holes  perfo- 
rated in  rails,  etc.,  on  which  run- 
ning rigging  is  belayed. 

Bells.  On  shipboard  bells  express 
the  time,  and  are  struck  every 
half  hour,  as  follows:  12  o'clock 
noon,  8  bells;  12.30,  i  bell;  i 
o'clock,  2  bells;  1.30  o'clock, 
3  bells;  2  o'clock,  4  bells; 
2:30,  5  bells;  3  o'clock,  6  bells; 
3:30,  7  bells;  4  o'clock,  8  bells, 
and  repeat  to  8  o'clock,  8  o'clock 
to  midnight — and  so  on.  (When 
anchored  in  a  fog,  a  ship's  bell 
is  used  to  warn  others  of  her 
position.) 

Bell  crank.  A  piece  of  metal  so 
shaped  as  to  change  direction 
of  pull;  often  triangular  in  form. 

Bellyband,  girthband.  A  narrow 
band  of  canvas  sewn  across 
the  belly  of  a  sail  for  extra 
strength. 


Belt  gearing.  Gearing  for  trans- 
mission of  power  by  means  of 
wheels  connected  by  a  link  belt. 

Below.  Low  down;  below  deck; 
under  water. 

Bend.  A  general  sea  term  for 
fastening  anything;  as,  to  bend 
one  rope  to  another,  a  sail  to  a 
yard,  the  cable  to  its  anchor,  etc. 

Bending  press.  A  hydraulic  press 
for  bending  steel  forms. 

Bending  rolls.  A  large  machine 
used  to  give  curvature  to  plates 
by  passing  them  between  heavy 
iron  rolls.  See  Plate  XLVI. 

Bending  slab  or  block.  In  a  steel 
mill,  in  front  of  the  furnace,  a 
large  section  of  the  floor  is  cov- 
ered with  cast-iron  blocks  placed 
securely  in  position.  These 
blocks  contain  holes  arranged 
checker-board  wise.  Pins  are 
driven  in  these  holes  to  clamp 
down  steel  shapes  that  are  being 
bent.  Smaller  bending  slabs  are 
used  by  the  anglesmith  and  in  the 
blacksmith  shop.  See  Plate  XXXI. 

Bends  or  wales.  A  general  term 
for  the  thick  outside  planking  of 
a  vessel,  about  midway  be- 
tween the  plank  sheer  and  the 
light  water  line.  The  breadth 
of  the  wales  is  generally  equal 
to  one-fourth  or  one-third  of  the 
vessel's  depth,  and  the  thick- 
ness from  3  to  9  inches,  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  vessel. 

Berth.  A  bunk  or  bed;  an  apart- 
ment in  a  vessel  where  officers 
or  men  live  together.  Berth  is 
also  used  to  note  position ;  as, 
"  He  has  a  berth  as  first  officer." 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


II 


It  is  often  used  to  describe 
where  a  ship  is  tied  up  or  sta- 
tioned; as,  "  She  is  at  her  berth 
on  the  North  River." 

Between  decks.  The  space  between 
then  upper  and  lower  decks. 

Bevel.  The  angle  at  which  a 
flange  is  bent  or  a  cut  made. 

Bevel  (v.).  To  change  the  angle 
of  a  shape  to  make  it  fit  in  a  cer- 
tain place. 

Bevel-faced  hammer.  A  riveting 
hammer  with  sloping  face. 

Bevel-faced  holding-on  hammer. 
A  heavy  hammer  with  sloping 
face  for  holding  against  a 
rivet. 

Bevel  pinion,  bevel  wheel.  A 
wheel  the  teeth  of  which  form  an 
angle  with  the  shaft  and  fitting 
into  the  teeth  of  a  similar  wheel. 
The  smaller  one  is  called  the  pin- 
ion, the  larger  one,  the  gear. 

Bibbs.  Brackets  or  bolsters  near 
the  head  of  a  mast  upon  which 
rest  the  trestle  trees.  Bibbs  are 
also  called  hounds. 

Bight  (of  a  rope).  The  double 
part  when  it  is  folded;  the  bend 
or  loop  in  a  rope  as  distinct 
from  the  ends. 

Bilge.  The  rounded  surface  of  a 
vessel  forming  the  transition 
from  the  flat  bottom  to  the  up- 
ward rising  sides.  See  Plate  II. 

Bilge  blocks.  A  group  of  sup- 
porting blocks  under  the  bilge 
during  construction.  See  Plate  V. 

Bilge  discharge  pipe.  A  pipe  lead- 
ing from  a  bilge  pump  to  a  bilge 
discharge  valve  on  the  ship's  side, 


for  conveying  the  water  over- 
board. 

Bilge  ejector.  An  apparatus  to 
force  out  bilge  water,  i.e.,  the 
water  accumulated  between  the 
floors. 

Bilge  injection.  An  arrangement 
through  which  (in  cases  of 
emergency)  bilge  water  is  taken 
into  condensers'  circulating  sys- 
tem; in  this  way  the  circulating 
pump  helps  to  free  the  ship  of 
water. 

Bilge  injection  water.  Water 
taken  by  the  circulating  pump 
from  the  bilge. 

Bilge  inlet.  An  aperture  in  the 
bottom  plating  of  a  vessel  in 
communication  with  a  valve  or 
cock  fitted  on  the  inside  against 
such  plating,  for  the  admission 
of  sea  water  when  required  to 
fill  a  water-ballast  tank,  a  steam 
boiler,  etc. 

Bilge  intercostal  keelson.  A  line 
of  plates  fitted  in  the  lower  turn 
of  the  bilge  between  the  frames  or 
floors. 

Bilge  intercostal  keelson  angle 
bars.  Short  angle  bars  by  which 
bilge  intercostal  plates  are  at- 
tached to  the  outside  plating; 
in  some  instances  also  to  the 
floors. 

Bilge  intercostal  plates.  Plates 
forming  a  bilge  intercostal 
keelson. 

Bilge  intercostal  stringer.  An 
intercostal  stringer  fitted  at  the 
upper  turn  of  the  bilge,  con- 
nected with  a  bilge  stringer 
upon  the  frames. 


12 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Bilge  keel.  A  keel  usually  com- 
posed of  angle  bars,  fixed  back  to 
back,  having  a  bulb  plate  between 
them,  fitted  on  the  outside  of 
each  bilge,  extending  about 
three-fifths  of  the  vessel's 
length.  Its  purpose  is  to  keep 
a  vessel  steady  and  reduce  the 
rolling.  Sometimes  called  dock- 
ing keel. 

Bilge  keel  angle  bar.  An  angle  bar 
used  in  the  construction  of  a  bilge 
keel. 

Bilge  keelson.  A  girder  placed  at 
the  lower  turn  of  the  bilge,  gen- 
erally composed  of  double  angle 
bars  fixed  back  to  back,  with 
plate  between. 

Bilge  plate.  A  strake  of  plating 
fitted  upon  the  frames  under 
the  bilge  planking  of  a  wooden 
ship;  any  plate  in  a  bilge  strake 
of  iron  or  steel  vessels. 

Bilge  plating.  The  bottom  plat- 
ing covering  the  outside  of  the 
frames  in  the  bilge  of  a  vessel. 
See  Plate  III. 

Bilge  pump.  A  pump  to  draw  the 
bilge  water  from  a  ship. 

Bilge  shores.  Short,  stout  pieces 
of  timber,  placed  under  the 
bilges  of  vessels,  when  in  dry- 
dock,  on  a  slipway,  etc.,  for 
support.  See  Plate  IV. 

Bilge  strake.  A  strake  in  the 
bilge  (outside  or  inside)  of  a 
vessel. 

Bilge  stringer.  Double  angle  bars 
or  any  other  form  of  stringer 
fitted  in  the  upper  turn  of  the 
bilge. 


Bilge    stringer    angle    bar.      An 

angle  bar  forming  part  of  a 
bilge  stringer. 

Bilge  suction.  The  arrangement 
consisting  of  pipes,  etc.,  in  con- 
nection with  a  bilge  or  a  circu- 
lating pump,  by  means  of  which 
water  accumulated  in  a  vessel 
is  raised. 

Bilge  water.  The  water  accumu- 
lated between  the  floors  in  a 
ship. 

Bilgeways.  The  timbers  upon 
which  a  vessel  is  launched. 

Bill  (of  an  anchor).  The  extrem- 
ity of  the  fluke. 

Billboard.  A  support  upon  which 
the  bills,  or  flukes,  of  the  an- 
chor rest  when  it  is  on  deck. 

Billboard.  The  planking,  plating, 
etc.,  fitted  on  the  outside  of  a 
bulwark  abaft  the  cathead  as  a 
protection  against  abrasion  by 
the  bill  or  pea  of  an  anchor, 
while  being  taken  inboard  from 
under  the  cathead,  by  means  of 
the  fish  tackle. 

Bind.  To  wind  around,  as  bind- 
ing the  end  of  a  rope  with  yarn. 
Also,  an  iron  band,  as  the  bind- 
ing of  a  deadeye. 

Binding  strake.  A  strake  of  deck 
planking,  etc.,  having  greater 
thickness  or  strength  than  neigh- 
boring strakes. 

Binnacle.  A  stand  or  case  for  a 
ship's  compass,  placed  usually 
beside  the  steering  wheel. 

Bite.  Spoken  of  an  anchor  when 
it  holds  the  ground;  it  then 
bites. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Bitts.  Timbers  extending  verti- 
cally above  a  ship's  deck;  for 
instance,  round  the  masts.  Also, 
iron  heads  fixed  on  any  deck, 
forecastle,  bridge,  or  raised 
quarter-deck  for  belaying  of 
hawsers,  warps,  ropes,  etc. 

Bitumastic.  An  elastic  cement 
used  in  place  of  paint  to  protect 
the  steel. 

Black  strake.  The  strake  of  plank- 
ing next  above  the  wales. 

Blades,  screw.  The  arms  of  a  pro- 
peller. 

Blast  cock.  A  cock  connected  to 
the  blast  pipe. 

Bleeder  plug.  A  drain  plug  in 
ship's  bottom  to  be  used  when 
in  drydock. 

Blind  pulley.  A  block  without  a 
sheave  in  it. 

Block.  A  device  to  hold  one  or 
more  sheaves  over  which  rope, 
chain,  or  wire  cable  is  run. 

Blocks,  keel.     See  Keel. 

Block  stopper.  A  short  piece  of 
rope  with  a  hook  at  one  end 
which  may  be  put  through  the 
eye  of  a  block.  It  is  used  to 
hold  (or  "  stop  off ")  a  line 
upon  which  there  is  a  strain, 
while  it  is  being  taken  from 
the  winch  and  made  fast  in  its 
proper  place. 

Block  and  tackle.  Two  blocks 
with  rope  in  place  ready  for 
hauling  purposes. 

Blowcock,  blow-out  cock,  blow- 
off  cock,  blow-down  cock.  A 
cock  in  the  blow-off  pipe. 

Blow-down  pipe.   A  pipe  through 


which   the  water  is   discharged 
when  the  boilers  are  blown  off. 

Blow-through  pipe.  A  pipe  through 
which  the  steam  enters  the  con- 
denser, to  expel  the  air  from  it 
previous  to  starting  the  engine. 

Blow  -  off  valve,  blow  -  through 
valve  (as  above).  See  Blow-off 
cock. 

Boat  chocks.  Frames  fitted  upon 
an  upper  deck,  bridge  or  poop 
deck,  etc.,  conforming  to  the 
shape  of  the  bottom  of  the  boat 
which  is  bedded  in  it. 

Boat  chock  standards.  Short  iron 
pillars  fitted  underneath  boat- 
chocks  to  raise  the  supported 
boat  higher  above  the  decks,  to 
lessen  the  danger  to  a  boat  from 
any  sea  breaking  on  board. 

Boat  gear.  All  the  appurtenances 
in  connection  with  a  boat. 

Boat  grips.  Flat  iron  hooks  fit- 
ted with  lashings,  or  with  screw- 
ing-gear  to  be  connected  to  eye- 
bolts  in  a  deck,  and  serving  to 
hold  a  boat  in  the  chocks. 

Boat's  painter.  A  rope  or  chain 
which  keeps  a  boat  from  drifting 
away,  when  afloat  alongside  a 
vessel,  quay,  etc. 

Boat  skids.  Beams  supported  by 
stanchions  above  the  bulwark 
for  boats,  spars,  etc.,  to  be 
stowed  on. 

Boat  skids  stanchions.  The 
stanchions  by  which  the  boat 
skids  are  supported. 

Boat  tackles.  Tackles  in  connec- 
tion with  boat  davits,  to  hoist 
boats  out  of  or  lower  them  into 
the  water. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Boat  tanks.  Airtight  metal  cases, 
fitted  inside  a  lifeboat,  to  give 
increased  buoyancy  and  prevent 
its  sinking  if  filled  with  water. 

Boat  thwarts.  The  flat  boards  fit- 
ted athwartships,  forming  seats 
for  the  rowers. 

Boat  tiller.  The  piece  of  wood,  or 
metal  bar,  in  the  rudder  head,  by 
which  it  is  turned  and  the  boat 
steered. 

Boatswain.  An  officer  on  board 
of  a  ship  who  has  charge  of  the 
boats,  sails,  rigging,  colors,  an- 
chors, cables,  and  cordage.  His 
office  is  also  to  summon  the 
crew  to  their  duty,  to  relieve 
the  watch,  assist  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship,  seize 
and  punish  offenders,  etc. 

Bobstays.  Stays  extending  from 
the  outer  end  of  a  bowsprit  (in- 
clining downward)  to  a  ves- 
sel's stem,  to  keep  the  bowsprit 
down  in  its  bed. 

Body  plan.  The  end  view  of  a 
ship  showing  the  curves  of  the 
sides  at  any  point  in  her  length. 

Body  post.    The  propeller  post. 

Boiler  back  end  plate.  The  plate 
at  the  opposite  end  of  the 
boiler  to  that  at  which  it  is  fired. 

Boiler  brackets.  Brackets  riveted 
to  boiler  shell  to  afford  a  means 
of  holding  boiler  in  position. 

Boiler -casing.  A  casing  of  iron 
or  steel,  enclosing  a  boiler  room 
and  hatchway.  See  Plate  XIV. 

Boiler  chocks.  Vertical  steel 
plates  fitted  at  each  end  to  keep 
a  boiler  from  sliding  ahead  or 
astern. 


Boiler  head.  The  end  of  a  boiler, 
flanged  to  the  sides. 

Boiler  hatchway,  boiler  opening. 
The  aperture  in  a  steamer's 
deck  through  which  boilers  are 
taken  in  or  lifted  out. 

Boiler  lagging.  A  covering  to 
retain  heat  fitted  over  the  upper 
half  of  a  boiler,  usually  asbestos 
or  magnesium. 

Boiler  saddles.  Iron  forms  pro- 
vided to  receive  boilers  and 
support  them. 

Boiler  seating.  The  stools,  etc., 
upon  which  a  boiler  is  bedded. 

Boiler  shell.  The  plates  forming 
the  body  of  a  boiler  exclusive  of 
the  end  plates. 

Boiler  space,  boiler  room.  The 
place  where  the  boilers  in  a 
steamer  are  bedded. 

Boiler  stays.  Rods  through  boiler 
from  front  to  back  to  hold 
heads  in  place. 

Boiler  tubes,  fire  tubes.  Tubes  in- 
serted in  the  body  of  a  boiler, 
extending  nearly  its  entire 
length,  through  which  the 
smoke  and  gases  from  the  com- 
bustion chamber  pass  for  the 
purposes  of  increasing  the 
heating'  surface. 

Bollards.  An  old  name,  though 
still  in  use,  for  those  posts  of 
timber  frequently  seen  on  the 
sides  of  docks,  quays,  piers,  etc., 
on  which  hawsers  or  springs 
(ropes)  are  thrown  for  hauling 
vessels  alongside. 

Bolster.  A  pad  or  piece  of  tim- 
ber used  to  "  bolster  up  "  any- 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


thing  requiring  slight  alteration 
or  support. 

Bolt.  A  short  rod  of  iron  or  other 
metal  with  a  head  on  one  end 
and  the  other  end  threaded. 

Bolter  up.    One  who  bolts  up. 

Bolting  up.  Forcing  plates  and 
shapes  into  place  by  means  of 
bolts  and  nuts.  See  Plate 
XXIII. 

Booby  hatch.  The  scuttle  in  a 
ship's  deck,  covered  by  a  hood 
or  companion,  giving  entrance 
to  atween-decks. 

Boom.  The  lower  spar  for  <a 
fore-and-aft  sail. 

Boom,  boat.  A  pole  extending  out- 
board (i.e.,  outwards  from  a 
vessel)  to  keep  boats  clear  of 
ship's  side. 

Boom,  cargo.  A  boom  extending 
from  the  mast  like  a  derrick  arm 
to  handle  cargo.  See  Plate 
XVIII. 

Boom  crutch.  The  crutch  for  the 
reception  of  a  boom  when  the 
boom  is  not  in  use. 

Boom  guy,  back  rope.  A  rope  at- 
tached to  the  end  of  a  boom1  and 
fastened  to  a  rail,  belaying-pin, 
etc.,  somewhere  on  the  vessel's 
side,  to  prevent  the  boom  swing- 
ing over  when  sailing  before  the 
wind,  or  to  keep  it  steady  during 
calm,  light,  or  changeable  winds. 

Boom  mountings.  The  iron 
"  gear  "  that  fastens  a  boom  to 
the  mast;  all  iron  bands  on  a 
boom. 

Boomkin,  bumpkin,  bumkin.  A 
short  piece  of  timber  or  strong 
iron  bar  extending  over  the 


bow  or  from  the  quarters  of  a 
vessel. 

Boot-topping.  The  outside  plat- 
ing of  iron  and  steel  vessels  be- 
tween the  light  water  line  and 
the  load  line,  on  which  part 
paint  of  a  different  color  from 
that  used  for  the  bottom  of  the 
vessel  and  the  topsides  is  often 
put.  The  paint  or  coating  is 
also  called  boot-topping. 

Bosom  piece.  An  angle  bar  (butt 
strap)  fitted  in  the  throat  of  two 
other  angle  bars  to  connect 
them.  See  Plate  LX. 

Boss.  Any  protuberance  on  parts ; 
as  the  projecting  portion  of  a 
propeller  post.  See  Plate  XXVII. 

Boss  barrel.  A  name  applied  to 
the  section  of  plating  adjacent 
to  the  stern  tube. 

Boss  frame.  A  frame  bent  to  allow 
room  for  the  stern  tube,  or  tail 
shafts  in  the  case  of  twin-screw 
ships. 

Boss  of  a  propeller  post,  boss  of 
a  sternpost.  The  enlarged  part 
of  propeller  post,  for  passage  of 
shaft. 

Boss  plate.  A  curved  plate  cov- 
ering (one  on  each  side)  the 
boss  of  a  propeller  post  and  the 
curved  portion  of  frames  in  way 
of  the  stern  tube  of  a  screw 
steamer.  It  is  generally  thicker 
than  the  other  plates  in  the  same 
strake  (before  furnacing). 

Bossing  around  shafts.  The  pro- 
jecting portion  of  a  propeller 
post  encircling  the  shaft  hole. 

Bottom.  That  part  of  the  ship 
which  is  under  the  water  line. 


i6 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Bottom  of  a  ship.  The  lower  por- 
tion of  a  vessel;  from  the  keel 
to  the  height  of  the  water  line. 
Bottom  longitudinals.  Fore-and- 
aft  members  of  bottom  frame. 
Bottom  planks.  All  the  planks  on 
the  outside  of  the  frames  be- 
tween the  garboard  and  the 
wales  are  called  "bottom- 
planks,"  and  have  usually  a 
thickness  from  2  to  8  inches, 
according  to  the  size  of  the 
ship. 

Bottom  plate.  Any  plate  forming 
part  of  the  bottom  plating  of 
a  vessel. 

Bottom  strake.  Any  strake  of 
plating  between  the  garboard 
and  the  light  water  line  of  the 
vessel. 

Bottomry.    A  term  in  commercial 
law  referring  to  the  letting  or 
mortgaging  of  ships. 
Bound.    Tightly  held. 

Outward     bound.        Leaving 

home. 
Homeward  bound.   Returning 

home. 

Tide  bound.  Unable  to  make 
progress  because  of  a  head 
tide. 

Wind  bound.  At  anchor  be- 
cause unable  to  make  prog- 
ress in  consequence  of  con- 
trary winds. 

Bounding  bar.  An  angle  which 
surrounds  a  plate  in  a  frame, 
or  a  bulkhead,  to  make  water- 
tight connections.  See  Plate  XXII. 
Bow.  The  sides  at  the  forepart 
of  a  vessel,  distinguished  one 
from  the  other  by  the  right 


and  left  hand,  the  first  being  the 
starboard  bow  and  the  second 
the  port  bow. 

Bow  anchors,  bower  anchors.  The 
heaviest  anchors  on  board  a 
vessel.  They  are  lowered  from 
the  bow,  hence  their  name,  and 
serve  principally  for  anchoring 
a  ship  in  a  river,  bay,  etc. 

Bow  chock.  A  chock  fitted  on  a 
forecastle  deck,  or  to  bow  chock 
plate. 

Bow  chock  plate.  A  plate  fitted 
(one  each  side)  on  the  upper 
portion  of  a  stem  above  the 
forecastle  deck,  or  above  the 
upper  deck,  to  take  bow  chock. 

Bow  grace.  Fenders  hung  over  a 
vessel's  bow  to  prevent  dam- 
age by  ice. 

Bow  of  a  rudder.  Arched  piece  of 
metal  forming  the  backpiece  and 
extending  from  the  upper  to  the 
heel  pintle. 

Bow  plate.  Any  of  the  shell 
plates  in  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

Bow  plating.  Plates  covering  the 
outside  of  the  frames  in  the  bow 
of  a  vessel  . 

Bow  rope.  A  rope  passed  over 
the  bow  of  a  vessel,  one  end 
kept  on  board,  the  other  used 
to  haul  her  to  the  quay,  etc.,  or 
to  another  vessel.  One  passed 
over  the  stern  is  called  the 
stern  rope,  and  is  used  for  sim- 
ilar purposes  aft. 

Bowsprit.  One  of  the  main  spars 
in  a  vessel.  It  is  a  pole  or 
"  sprit "  projecting  forward 
from  the  stem  and  taking  the 
forestays  and  the  bobstays. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Bower.  One  of  the  large  anchors 
of  a  ship  which  hold  her  by  the 
bows,  hence  the  name. 

Bowlines.  Ropes  by  which  a 
square  foresail,  mainsail,  cross- 
jack,  etc.,  is  stretched  forward, 
when  a  vessel  is  sailing  close 
by  the  wind. 

Bow  port.  A  small  aperture  in 
the  bow  of  a  vessel,  serving  for 
loading  and  discharging  of 
timber,  rails,  etc. 

Box  coupling.  A  strong  cylindri- 
cal forging,  into  which  the  ends 
of  two  lengths  of  shafting  are 
inserted,  and  by  which  they  are 
kept  together  and  in  line. 

Brace.  A  rope  communicating 
with  a  boom  or  yardarm  for  the 
purpose  of  trimming  the  sail  to 
which  such  a  spar  may  be 
attached. 

Braces.  Braces  are  formed  at  the 
ends  of  supporting  arms  which 
are  turned  out  to  take  fitted  pin- 
tles. The  eyes  in  which  a  rudder 
swings  are  sometimes  called 
braces. 

Brackets.  Angular-shaped  pieces 
of  iron  or  steel  plate,  fitted  ver- 
tically as  a  support.  Brackets  are 
employed  to  connect  the  ends 
of  beams  to  frames,  and  are 
used  in  the  construction  of 
double  bottoms,  etc.  See  Plates 
XXIV  and  XXVI. 

Braze.  To  join  by  using  hard 
solder. 

Breadth  (extreme).  The  greatest 
breadth,  including  the  thickness 
of  the  outside  planking  or 
plating. 


Breakers.  Waves  broken  by  con- 
tact with  the  side,  bow,  or  stern 
of  a  vessel;  or  a  shoal,  rock,  bar, 
etc.,  not  lying  deeply  under 
water. 

Break  in.  To  bend  in  a  sheet 
back  of  a  seam  by  too  heavy 
caulking. 

Breast  hooks.  Triangular  pieces 
connecting  stringers  to  stem  or 
stern. 

Bridge.  A  decked  structure  from 
6  to  8  feet  in  height,  generally 
fitted  about  amidships,  and  ex- 
tending from  side  to  side  over 
the  upper  deck  of  a  vessel.  See 
Plate  XVIII. 

Bridge  house.  A  house  built  con- 
venient to  bridge  (see  Pilot 
house).  See  Plate  XVIII. 
Long  bridge.  On  tankers,  a 
narrow  walk  connecting  forward 
deck  house  to  after  deck  house. 
On  large  passenger  ships,  a 
bridge  having  considerable 
length  fore  and  aft. 

Bridge  plate.  A  plate  at  back  end 
of  firebox  to  support  grates. 

Brig.  A  vessel  with  two  masts 
(fore  and  main),  both  of  them 
square  rigged,  but  having  a  gaff 
mainsail. 

Brigantine.  A  vessel  with  two 
masts  (fore  and  main),  the  fore- 
mast square  rigged  and  the  main- 
mast schooner  rigged.  The  rig, 
however,  may  vary  slightly. 

Broach.  To  slew  around  when 
running  before  the  wind. 

Broken  backed.  A  vessel  is  said 
to  be  broken  backed  when 
through  accident,  weakness,  or 


i8 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


age  she  has  lost  her  original 
sheer,  and  appears  to  be  hump- 
backed. 

Brow.  A  small  inclined  runway 
to  allow  passageway  of  trucks 
through  bulkhead  doors,  etc.,  or 
half-round  molding  on  coamings 
to  protect  ropes  when  drawn 
over  same. 

Bucklers.  Pieces  of  wood  plug- 
ging the  hawse  holes  tempo- 
rarily. 

Built  columns.  Columns  made 
by  riveting  together  plates  and 
channel  iron  or  other  shapes. 

Bulb  angle  bar.  An  angle  bar 
having  a  bulb  on  one  flange.  See 
Plate  LIX. 

Bulb  angle  beam.  A  beam  formed 
of  a  bulb  angle  bar. 

Bulb  plate.  A  narrow  plate  hav- 
ing a  bulb  or  swell  on  one  of 
its  edges,  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  beams,  bilge  keels, 
etc. 

Bulb  tee.  Tee  iron  with  a  bulb 
on  the  base.  See  Plate  LIX. 

Bulgeways  or  bilgeways.  Tim- 
bers placed  beneath  a  vessel  while 
building. 

Bulk  cargo.  Loose  material,  as 
coal,  grain,  etc. 

Bulkhead.  A  partition  of  almost 
any  material,  as  wood,  canvas  or 
iron.  Sometimes  its  office  is  to 
render  a  vessel  more  secure  by 
dividing  it  into  watertight  com- 
partments. See  Plate  XXV. 

Bulkhead  center  line.  A  center  line 
on  bulkhead  for  reference 
purposes.  , 


Bulkhead,  center  line.  A  bulk- 
head built  fore  and  aft  on  cen- 
ter line  of  ship.  See  Plate  VII. 

Bulkhead,  forepeak.  The  bulkhead 
farthest  forward,  generally  called 
collision  bulkhead.  See  Plate 
XXV. 

Bulkhead  sluice.  A  small  open- 
ing in  a  watertight  bulkhead, 
which  can  be  opened  or  closed 
from  the  deck. 

Bulkhead  stiffeners.  Channel  or 
angle  irons  fastened  to  a  bulk- 
head at  frequent  intervals  for 
reinforcement. 

Bull's  eye.  A  round  window  in  a 
cabin.  Sometimes  the  central 
part  of  a  porthole  light 

Bull  ring.  A  ring  to  hold  piston 
rings  in  position. 

Bull  riveting.  Pressing  rivets  into 
place  with  an  air  or  hydraulic 
machine. 

Bulwarks.  Plating  or  planking  on 
the  side  of  a  ship,  extending  up 
from  deck  to  rail.  See  Plate 
LXII. 

Bunk.  A  fixed  bed  on  board  ship. 

Bunkers.  The  place  where  the 
coal  for  consumption  on  board 
of  a  steamer  is  stowed. 

Runtimes.  Ropes  which  are  used 
to  haul  the  middle  part  of  a 
square  sail  up  to  the  yardarms. 

Buoy.  A  floating  object  moored 
over  a  certain  spot. 

Buoyancy.  The  capacity  for 
floating  which  a  vessel  possesses. 

Burden.  The  carrying  capacity  of 
a  vessel;  as,  TOO  tons  burden. 

Burton.  A  light  hoisting  tackle, 
usually  one  kept  hooked  to  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


pendant  at  the  topmast  head. 
It  is  composed  of  two  single 
blocks  which  the  tackle  re- 
ceives. This  has  the  same  power 
as  the  luff  tackle,  but  less 
friction. 

Bushing.  A  short  tube  inserted  as  a 
lining  in  another  tube  or  bearing 
for  a  shaft,  rod,  or  part  to  work  in. 

Butt.  The  flat  end  of  a  plate, 
angle,  bulb,  or  plank. 

Butt  joint.  A  joint  formed  by 
"  butting "  the  edges  of  plates 
together. 

Butt  plates.  The  term  given  to 
plates  connecting  the  ends  of 
the  outside  planking,  in  a  com- 
posite vessel. 

Butt  seams  The  joints  between 
the  butts  of  plating  or  planking. 

Butt  strap.  A  piece  of  plate  used 
to  strengthen  a  butt  joint. 

Butt  strip.  A  strip  of  plate  hav- 
ing at  least  the  thickness  of 
plates  it  connects,  and  in  many 
instances  it  is  1-16  and  even  ^ 
of  an  inch  thicker  than  the  plates. 

Buttock.  The  rounded  convex 
portion  of  the  lower  stern  of  a 
vessel  (or  the  transom) ;  which 
forms  the  transition  from  the 
stern  to  the  flat  side  of  the 
vessel. 

Buttock  line.    See  Lines. 

Buttock  plate.  Any  plate  in  the 
buttock  of  a  vessel. 

Cabin.  An  apartment  on  shipboard 
for  use  of  officers  and  pas- 
sengers. 

Cable.  The  rope  or  chain  by 
which  a  ship's  anchor  is  held. 


Cable  clench  bracket.  A  reinforced 
bracket  in  each  chain  locker  for 
securing  end  of  cable. 

Cable-laid  rope.  A  rope  made  by 
laying  three  hawser-laid  ropes 
from  right  to  left. 

Cable  length.  A  term  used  in 
roughly  estimating  short  dis- 
tances between  objects;  as,  one 
or  two  or  three  cable  lengths 
apart.  (About  one-tenth  of  a 
nautical  mile,  600  ft.) 

Cable  lifter.  The  drum  on  a  wind- 
lass so  designed  as  to  grip  the 
links  in  the  mooring  cable. 

Cable  molding.  A  molding  carved 
in  the  form  of  a  rope,  frequently 
used  as  a  decoration  for  a 
vessel's  stern. 

Caisson.  A  kind  of  floating  dock 
which  may  be  sunk  under  a 
vessel's  keel,  where  she  is  moored, 
and  used  to  lift  her. 

Camber.  The  curve  or  round  of 
a  deck,  sometimes  called  the 
crown. 

Cant.  A  piece  of  wood  used  to  prop 
up  some  part  of  a  construction  is 
called  a  cant. 

Cant  body.  The  fore  or  after  end 
of  a  vessel,  where  the  frames 
have  less  girth  than  in  the  mid- 
ship part. 

Cant  frame.  Frames  in  the  fore 
and  aft  body  of  a  vessel  not  in 
line  with  the  square  body  frame 
and  not  at  right  angles  to  the 
keel.  See  Plate  XL 

Cap.  A  ring  at  the  end  of  a  spar; 
a  piece  of  leather  or  tarred 
canvas  over  the  end  of  a  rope 
to  protect  it  from  the  weather. 


20 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Capstan.  A  long  drum  revolving 
in  a  vertical  position,  used  gen- 
erally for  hauling  in  heavy  lines. 
It  may  be  connected  to  a  wind- 
lass and  used  to  hoist  the  an- 
chor "  by  hand." 

Capstan  bar.  A  bar  of  wood 
for  turning  the  capstan. 

Careen.  The  slanting  position  in 
which  a  ship  may  be  placed  by 
wind  or  wave;  sometimes  done 
for  repairs,  when  alongside  a 
dock  or  the  shore.  Tackles  from 
masts  to  dock  are  then  used  to 
haul  ship  over  on  her  side. 

Cargo.  Goods  taken  on  board  of 
vessel  for  transportation. 

Cargo  battens.  Strips  of  wood 
or  iron  fastened  at  close  inter- 
vals in  longitudinal  position  to 
the  frames  on  the  inside  of  the 
ship  to  protect  the  cargo  and 
frames  from  chafing. 

Cargo  boom.    See  Boom,  cargo. 

Cargo  port.  A  large  opening  in 
a  vessel's  side  through  which 
cargo  is  passed  on  and  off.  See 
Plate  XV. 

Cargo  hatch,  cargo  hatchway.  An 
opening  in  a  ship's  deck  for  the 
loading  and  discharging  of  any 
kind  of  cargo  or  merchandise. 
See  Plate  XIV. 

Carlings  or  carlines  Short  beams 
running  fore  and  aft  between  the 
great  transverse  beams,  which 
they  bind  securely  together. 
They  also  aid  in  supporting  the 
deck.  See  Plate  XV. 

Carrying  dog.  A  tool  for  lifting 
a  plate  or  shape. 


Casing.  The  covering  put  round 
or  about  any  part  or  object 
needing  protection. 

Cat.  A  name  at  one  time  given  to 
a  ship  of  peculiar  build,  and 
used,  commonly,  in  the  coal 
trade. 

Cat  davit.  An  anchor  davit  used 
instead  of  a  cathead. 

Cathead.  A  timber  projecting 
from  the  bow,  to  which  the 
anchor  is  secured. 

Cathead  stopper.  A  chain  by 
which  a  bower  is  held,  when 
hanging  under  the  cathead. 

Cat-and-fish  tackle,  "fish  tackle." 
A  tackle  fitted  to  the  anchor 
davit  crane,  or  masthead  for 
casting  the  anchor,  i.e.,  hoist- 
ing an  anchor  into  its  place  on 
deck. 

Cathook.  The  hook  by  which 
the  fish  tackle  is  attached  to 
anchor. 

Cat's  paw.  A  light  air  perceived 
in  a  calm  by  a  slight  rippling 
of  the  surface  of  the  water.  A 
peculiar  twist  or  hitch  in  the 
bight  of  a  rope  made  to  hook 
a  tackle  on. 

Caulker.  One  who  caulks.  See 
Plate  LIII. 

Caulking.  A  process  of  filling  the 
seams  of  a  vessel  with  oakum, 
to  prevent  leaking.  In  steel 
ships,  to  make  tight  by  swaging 
the  edges  of  the  shapes  or  plates. 
See  Plate  LIII. 

Caulking  box.  A  chest  in  which 
caulking  tools  are  kept,  serving 
also  as  a  seat  for  the  caulker. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


21 


Caulking  iron.  An  iron  tool  of 
chisel  form,  used  for  driving 
oakum  into  the  seams. 

Caulking  mallet.  A  wooden  ham- 
mer used  to  strike  the  caulking 
iron,  when  caulking. 

Ceiling.  A  covering  consisting  of 
planking  or  boards  fastened  to  the 
frames,  reversed  frames,  or  tank 
top  in  a  manner  such  that  it  can 
be  easily  removed.  Its  purpose 
is  to  protect  the  cargo.  (In 
wooden  ships  the  ceiling  forms 
an  inner  skin  and  is  structurally 
a  part  of  the  ship.) 

Ceiling  hatches.  Lids  in  the  floor- 
ceiling  of  a  vessel,  fitted  with 
rings  for  lifting  them,  so  that 
after  the  discharge  of  every 
cargo  the  limbers  can  be  in- 
spected and  cleaned,  and  the 
cement  in  the  bottom  repaired 
if  required. 

Cellular  double  bottom.  A  double 
bottom  constructed  on  a  cellular 
pattern.  There  are  two  methods ; 
one  in  which  the  floors  are  con- 
tinuous and  the  girders  inter- 
costal, the  other  having  the  gird- 
ers continuous  and  the  floors  in- 
tercostal. 

Center  bearer  of  firebars.  A  sup- 
port for  the  ends  of  furnace 
bars  at  the  half-length  of  a 
furnace. 

Centerboard,  center  keel  or  drop 
keel.  A  heavy,  movable  plate 
of  iron,  lead,  or  timber  let  down 
below  the  keel  of  a  sailing  boat 
about  amidships. 


Center  of  buoyancy.  The  center 
of  gravity  of  the  water  displaced 
by  any  vessel. 

Center  girder.  A  girder  placed  at 
the  center  line  of  a  vessel  in  the 
construction  of  a  double  bottom. 

Center-line  bulkhead.  A  bulkhead 
running  fore  and  aft  through 
the  center  of  ship.  See  Plate 
VII. 

Center  of  gravity.  Center  of 
weight. 

Center  vertical  keel  or  keelson. 
Vertical  plates  continuous  fore  and 
aft,  fitted  usually  watertight  and 
connected,  top  and  bottom,  to  in- 
ner plating  and  plate  keel  with 
suitable  angle  bars.  See  Plates 
III  and  XIX. 

Central  stringer.  A  girder  com- 
posed of  angle  bars  fitted  in  the 
center  line  of  a  vessel  in  a  fore- 
and-aft  direction,  under  the  deck 
beams,  for  the  reception  of  the 
upper  ends  of  pillars,  so  as  to 
stiffen  the  deck  beams. 

Chafe.  To  rub  or  wear  away  by 
rubbing. 

Chafing  plate.  A  plate  to  minimize 
chafing  of  ropes,  as  at  hatchways. 

Chain  hook.  A  long-handled  hook, 
used  to  drag  a  chain  along  a 
deck;  or  to  assist  in  hauling  it 
up,  or  in  stowing  it  in  the  chain 
locker. 

Chain  pipe.  A  cast-iron  pipe  fit- 
ted vertically  on  the  upper  deck 
above  the  chain  locker  and 
through  which  the  chain  cables 
are  taken  out  and  let  into  the 
locker. 


22 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Chain  plates.  Flat  bars  of  iron 
running  upward  from  beneath  the 
channels,  and  taking  the  deadeyes 
by  which  the  shrouds  of  the  masts 
are  held  down. 

Chain  riveting.  Two  or  more 
parallel  rows  of  rivets  so  placed 
that  they  are  perpendicular  to 
each  other,  or  directly  opposite 
to  each  other  (not  reeled  or  stag- 
gered). 

Chain  stopper.  A  fitting  for  hold- 
ing a  chain  cable  or  keeping  it 
from  running  out  too  rapidly. 

Chain  swivel.  A  link  in  a  chain 
so  designed  that  one  part  may 
turn  upon  the  other. 

Chain  takerpipe.  An  iron  pipe  or 
casing  in  the  deck  of  •  a  ship 
through  which  the  chain  cable 
is  led. 

Chamfer.  To  take  the  edge  off  or 
bevel  a  plank,  which  is  then 
said  to  have  a  chamfered  edge. 
The  edges  of  steel  plates,  angles, 
and  various  steel  forms  are 
beveled  or  chamfered  before 
caulking. 

Channels.  Wooden  platforms  pro- 
jecting from  the  hull  on  each 
side;  their  office  is  to  keep  the 
chains  and  channel  plates  away 
from  the  sides. 

Channel  bars.  Iron  forms  with 
cross  -  section  like  a  squarely 
shaped  letter  U.  See  Plate  LIX. 

Channel  rail.  A  piece  of  batten 
or  molding  fitted  in  a  fore-and- 
aft  direction  on  the  outer  edge 
of  a  channel. 

Chart  house.  A  house  just  aft  of 
the  wheelhouse.  See  Plate  XVIII. 


Check  bolt.  A  bolt  fitted  to  prevent 
the  motion  of  anything  beyond 
a  determined  point. 

Check  pin.  A  short  circular  pin 
of  iron  or  steel  projecting  into  a 
crank  web  and  fitted  to  keep 
crankpin  from  turning. 

Check  ring.  A  ring  fitted  to  pro- 
tect anything.  One  is  often 
used  to  prevent  the  starting  of 
the  junk-ring  bolts  in  a  piston. 

Check  rope.  A  rope  one  end  of 
which  is  fastened  to  some  object 
ashore,  the  other  being  kept  on 
board  the  vessel  round  a  bitt; 
it  is  held  slightly  or  firmly  taut 
to  lessen  or  stop  the  way  of  a 
vessel  as  required. 

Check  valve.  A  valve  so  made  as 
to  allow  passage  in  one  direction 
only. 

Cheek  blocks.  Blocks  having  one 
side  formed  for  fitting  against  a 
spar. 

Chimes.  The  intersection  of  the 
lines  forming  the  sides  and  the 
bottom  of  a  flat-bottomed  boat. 

Chinsing.  The  act  of  forcing  cot- 
ton or  oakum  into  the  seams  of 
boat  planking. 

Chipping.  Cutting  a  surface 
smooth  or  an  edge  fair  to  a  line 
with  a  chipping  tool,  generally 
air  driven.  See  Plate  LIU. 

Chock.  A  block  of  wood  used  to 
prevent  anything  from  shifting 
when  a  vessel  rolls.  A  guide 
for  a  rope  or  chain,  usually  of 
metal. 

Circulating    pump.      A    pump    to 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


force  cold  water  through  a  con- 
denser to  condense  the  steam. 

Clack.  A  check  valve  with  swing- 
ing check. 

Clack  box.  The  body  of  a  clack 
valve. 

Clack  door.  A  plate  of  iron  cov- 
ering hole  in  clack  box,  which  may 
be  removed  to  get  at  valve. 

Clamp.  An  iron  device  to  grip 
wire  ropes. 

Clamp.  A  device  for  securing  two 
pieces  of  material  together. 

Clamp  of  a  forecastle.  A  strake 
of  planking  under  forecastle 
deck  beams. 

Clamp  of  poop.  A  strake  of  plank- 
ing under  poop  deck  beams 

Clamp  of  raised  quarter  deck. 
A  strake  of  planking  under  raised 
quarter  deck  beams. 

Clapper.  A  fitting  between  the 
jaws  of  a  gaff  to  prevent  it 
from  jamming  as  it  descends 
the  mast.  Sometimes  called  a 
tumbler. 

Clasp  hook.  A  hook  which  clasps 
a  ring,  or  stay,  on  rope.  It  is 
included  in  the  general  term 
hank. 

Classification.  The  act  of  grant- 
ing a  class  or  character  to  a 
vessel  by  a  classification  society. 

Clean.  The  sharp  part  of  a  ship's 
hull,  under  water,  both  forward 
and  aft. 

Clearance  of  piston.  The  distance 
between  the  piston  and  cylinder 
head  at  the  extreme  position  of 
the  stroke. 

Cleat,  kevel,  or  cavil.  A  species 
of  hook,  usually  having  two 


arms,  fastened  to  the  deck  or 
any  other  suitable  and  conven- 
ient part  of  a  boat,  around  which 
sheets,  halliards,  spring,  etc., 
may  be  wound  without  being 
knotted.  Cleats  are  of  various 
forms. 

Clench  or  clinch.  To  jam  down 
with  ropes;  to  jam  down  by  a 
half  hitch. 

Clew.  The  clew  is  the  lower  cor- 
ner of  a  sail,  and  unless  other- 
wise described  is  the  after  lower 
corner. 

Chain  cable  compressor.  A  de- 
vice for  controlling  the  mooring 
cable  as  it  runs  out.  When 
clamped  it  will  hold  the  cable 
secure  as  the  ship  rides  at 
anchor. 

Chain  drum  (of  a  steering  en- 
gine). A  heavy  piece  of  metal 
of  cylindrical  form,  having  deep 
spiral  grooves  for  the  steering 
chain  to  travel  in. 

Clinch.  The  end  of  a  rope  passed 
in  the  form  of  a  half-hitch, 
round  itself. 

Clinched  bolt.  Any  bolt  having 
a  head  on  one  end,  clinched, 
i.e.,  bent  over  or  hammered  flat 
at  the  other  end  when  driven 
home. 

Clinching  pan.  A  small  steel  plate 
used  by  a  mold  loftsman  to 
clinch  the  nails  used  in  building 
molds. 

Clinker  strake.  A  strake  of  plating 
having  one  edge  under  and  the 
other  edge  above  adjoining 
strakes. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Clip.  A  short  angle  connecting 
shapes  and  plates.  See  Plate  LXII. 

Close  ceiling.  Ceiling  planks  the 
edges  of  which  are  fitted  close 
against  each  other  and  well 
fastened. 

Closed-in  bridge.  A  bridge  house 
having  a  bulkhead  at  each  end. 

Clump  blocks.  Strong  hoisting 
blocks  with  thick  sheaves  and 
large  swallows. 

Clutch.  A  mechanism  used  to  con- 
nect two  shafts  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  one  of  them  may  be 
stopped  or  started  while  the 
other  continues  in  motion.  There 
are  many  designs,  but  the  disc 
clutch  and  the  cone  clutch  are 
the  two  types  in  most  general 
use. 

Clutch  pinion.  A  wheel  brought 
into  connection  with  another 
wheel  or  shaft  or  disconnected 
from  same  by  means  of  a  clutch. 

Coal-bunker  lid,  coal-bunker  pipe 
lid.  A  cover  by  which  a  coal- 
bunker  pipe  is  closed. 

Coal  bunkers.  Specifically,  in 
steamships,  the  place  where  coal 
for  the  furnace  is  stored. 

Coaling  hatchway.  An  aperture 
in  a  steamer's  deck  through 
which  the  coal  for  consumption 
during  the  passage  is  shipped. 

Coaling  port.  An  opening  or  door 
in  the  side  of  a  vessel  through 
which  coal  is  passed  for  bunker 
use. 

Coaming.  A  raised  edge  or  plank- 
ing round  a  hatchway  of  a  ship 
or  well  of  a  yacht.  Its  use  is  to 
prevent  any  water  which  may 


wash  over  the  deck  from  getting 
down  below. 

Cockpit.  Formerly,  an  apartment 
under  the  lower  gundeck  of  a 
ship  of  war,  forming  quarters 
for  junior  officers,  and  during 
a  battle  devoted  to  the  surgeon 
and  his  assistants  and  patients. 

Cockswain.  The  person  who 
steers  a  boat. 

Cofferdam.  In  a  warship,  a  series 
of  watertight  compartments,  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  water  line 
above  the  protective  deck,  built  in 
the  interior  against  the  ship's 
side ;  can  be  packed  to  prevent  wa- 
ter from  entering  after  the  side 
has  been  pierced  by  shot.  Also, 
double  watertight  bulkheads  for- 
ward and  aft  of  engine  and  boiler 
rooms. 

Coir-rope.  A  rope  made  from  the 
outer  fiber  of  cocoanuts. 

Collar.  A  raised  portion  in  the 
form  of  a  ring  on  a  shaft  or 
similar  part  of  an  engine.  A 
piece  of  plate,  or  angle  bar  forged 
in  "U"  form  fitted  around  keel- 
sons and  stringers  where  they 
pass  through  a  bulkhead  for  the 
purpose  of  making  it  watertight. 
See  Plate  LX. 

Collier.  A  vessel  employed  in  the 
coal  trade.  A  naval  vessel  for 
delivering  coal. 

Collision  bulkhead.  A  strong 
bulkhead  built  across  a  ship, 
near  the  bows,  and  designed  to 
prevent  it  from  filling  with  water 
if  the  bows  are  stove  in.  See 
Plates  IX  and  XII. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Column.  A  pillar  or  stanchion.  See 
Plate  XXV. 

Columns,  back  and  front.  Frames 
supporting  cylinders  of  engine. 
See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Companion  ladders.  Ladders  or 
staircases  in  a  ship. 

Compass.  An  instrument  having 
one  or  more  magnetic  needles  at- 
tached to  a  circular  card  which 
turns  freely  on  the  point  of  a 
steel  cone,  or  floats  on  a  liquid. 
The  upper  surface  of  the  card 
is  divided  into  the  32  points  of 
the  compass,  used  to  get  direction. 

Composite.  A  system  of  building 
large  ships  with  an  iron  framing 
and  wood  skin. 

Condenser.  An  apparatus  for  con- 
densing steam  from  an  engine. 
See  Plates  XXXVII  and  XLII. 

Condenser  auxiliary  feed  con- 
nection. The  valve  that  takes 
circulating  water  in  with  con- 
densed steam. 

Condenser  auxiliary  feed.  The 
pump  connection  to  boiler  (for 
condenser). 

Condenser  auxiliary  exhaust.  The 
connection  from  auxiliary  en- 
gine. 

Condenser  discharge  water  pipe. 
The  pipe  by  which  discharged 
water  (circulating)  is  led  from 
condenser.  See  Plate  XXXVII. 

Condenser  door.  The  movable  lid 
closing  the  end  of  a  condenser. 

Condenser  head.  A  part  flanged 
to  bolt  on  over  the  tube  plate 
and  to.  receive  the  condenser 
door.  It  is  fitted  with  a  divid- 
ing wall  that  causes  the  circu- 


lating water  to  go  through  half 
the  tubes  and  to  return  through 
the  other  half.  See  Plate 
XXXVII. 

Condensing  engines.  Engines  in 
which  the  steam  after  performing 
its  work  in  the  cylinder  is  led 
into  the  condenser. 

Condenser  eduction  pipe  (from 
engine  to  condenser).  Pipe  leading 
exhaust  steam  from  cylinder  to 
condenser.  See  Plate  XL. 

Condenser,  jet.  A  condenser  in 
which  steam  is  condensed  by 
mingling  with  jets  of  cold  water. 

Condenser,  surface.  A  condenser 
in  which  steam  is  condensed  by 
contact  with  the  surface  of  tubes 
containing  cold  water. 

Condenser  tubes.  The  numerous 
small  tubes  closely  fitted  in  a 
surface  condenser. 

Condenser  tube  ferrule.  A  piece 
of  brass  tube  threaded  on  out- 
side, which  screws  in  the  con- 
denser tube  plate  to  hold  pack- 
ing in  place  around  the  end  of 
the  tube. 

Condenser  tube  plate.  A  brass 
plate  into  which  ends  of  con- 
denser tubes  are  fastened. 

Condenser  tube  rest  plates  and 
support  plates.  Plates  in  center 
of  condenser  supporting  weight 
of  tubes. 

Condenser  vacuum  gauge.  A 
gauge  for  ascertaining  the 
amount  of  vacuum  in  a  condenser. 

Condenser  water  inlet.  The  inlet 
for  water  for  condensation  pur- 
poses. 


26 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Connecting  bridge,  flying  bridge. 
A  narrow  platform  of  planking 
supported  by  stanchions,  form- 
ing a  fore-and-aft  gangway  from 
a  poop  to  a  bridge  deck,  from 
a  bridge  to  a  forecastle  deck, 
etc.,  and  generally  fitted  with 
guard  rods  and  stanchions. 

Connecting  bottom  end  distance 
piece.  A  piece  of  metal  so  placed 
as  to  adjust  the  distance  between 
the  centers  of  the  crank  and 
crosshead  pins,  thus  giving  proper 
clearance  for  the  piston  at  each 
end  of  the  stroke. 

Connecting  plate.  Any  plate  used 
to  connect  other  plates  or  parts. 

Connecting  rod.  The  rod  connect- 
ing the  crankpin  and  crosshead. 
See  Plate  XXXIV. 

Connecting-rod  bolts.  The  bolts 
by  which  the  top  and  bottom 
end  brasses  and  keepers  of  a 
connecting  rod  are  adjusted  and 
held  in  position. 

Connecting-rod  brasses.  Brass 
bearings  at  each  end  of  connect- 
ing rod,  to  take  crankpin  and 
crosshead  pin,  and  known  as  top- 
end  and  bottom-end  brasses,  re- 
spectively. See  Plate  XXXIV. 

Connecting-rod  keepers.  Keepers 
are  metal  pieces  to  hold  brasses 
in  place,  used  at  both  ends  of  rod 
and  known  as  top-end  keeper  and 
bottom-end  keeper,  respectively. 

Connecting  -  rod  liners  or  shims. 
The  sheet  metal  between 
brasses  which  may  be  removed 
as  required  to  take  up  wear  of 
brasses. 


Continuous  floor.  A  floor  in  the 
construction  of  a  cellular  double 
bottom.  It  is  continuous  from 
the  center  girder  to  the  bilge. 

Control  gauges.  Gauges  for  engi- 
neers' use.  See  Plate  XLII. 

Cooling  pipe.  A  pipe  through  which 
water  is  led  to  cool  cranks  and 
other  working  parts  of  an 
engine. 

Cordage.  The  supply  of  ropes  and 
cords  aboard  a  ship. 

Corrugated  furnace.  A  furnace  or 
firebox  formed  of  corrugated 
steel. 

Counter.  That  part  of  a  vessel's 
body  which  projects  beyond  her 
sternpost. 

Counterbore  (v).  Increasing  the 
size  of  a  hole  part  way,  keeping 
the  sides  parallel. 

Counterbore  (n).  A  tool  for 
counterboring. 

Counter  plate.  Any  plate  in  the 
lower  stern  in  proximity  to  the 
rudder  post. 

Counter  rail.  A  batten  fitted  at 
the  margin  of  a  square  or  the 
knuckle  of  an  elliptical  stern. 

Countersink  (v).  To  increase  the 
size  of  a  hole,  giving  the  sides 
a  slant. 

Countersink  (n).  A  tool  for 
countersinking. 

Countersunk.  The  form  of  a  rivet 
or  bolthead  when  it  is  like  a  flat- 
head  wood  screw,  done  so  that 
they  may  not  protrude  beyond 
the  surfaces  they  hold  down. 

Coupling.  Any  contrivance  adapted 
for  connecting  the  adjoining  ends 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


27 


of  shafts  or  pipes,  as  by  coupling 
flanges  and  bolts. 

Coupling  bolts.  Bolts  of  special 
design  for  couplings. 

Coupling  box.    See  Box  coupling. 

Coupling  flange.  A  flange  on  a 
shaft  or  pipe. 

Crab  winch.     A  small  winch. 

Cradle.  A  framework  of  timber 
under  the  bottom  of  vessels 
when  launched.  See  Plate  XVI. 

Cradle.  A  mold  for  shaping  a 
plate. 

Craft.  A  term  applied  to  any  kind 
of  a  vessel,  but  chiefly  used  to 
denote  one  of  small  size. 

Crane.  A  machine  for  hoisting  and 
moving  heavy  pieces  of  material 
or  equipment. 

Crank  or  cranky.  A  vessel  is  said 
to  be  cranky  when  she  fails  in  the 
quality  called  stiffness,  or  when 
she  careens  over  to  a  large  ex- 
tent in  a  light  breeze,  and,  there- 
fore, cannot  carry  much  sail. 

Crank  bearing.  The  bed  in  which 
the  journal  of  a  crankshaft  rests 
or  revolves. 

Crank  disc.  A  disc  on  the  end  of 
a  shaft,  carrying  the  crankpin. 

Crank  hatch,  crank  hatchway.  The 
opening  in  the  deck  above  the 
engines  of  a  paddle  steamer, 
usually  covered  by  a  skylight. 

Crankpin.  The  circular  short  pin 
of  steel  projecting  from  a  crank- 
web, or  fitted  between  the  two 
webs  of  a  crankshaft. 

Crankshaft.  The  main  shaft  in  a 
reciprocating  engine.  It  contains 
the  cranks  that  convert  the  up-and- 
down  motion  of  the  piston  into  the 


rotary  motion  of  the  shaft.  See 
Plate  XXXII. 

Crank  web.  The  flat  plate  or  arm 
connecting  crankpin  to  shaft. 
See  Plate  XXXIV. 

Cribbing.  The  blocking  under  the 
keel  blocks.  See  Plate  I. 

Cringles.  Loops  or  eyes  formed 
in  the  bolt  ropes  of  sails. 
Through  them  ropes  are  passed 
so  as  to  gather  up  the  margin 
of  the  sail;  and  to  them  pen- 
dants are  hung  for  tying  down 
the  sail  in  reefing. 

Cross  bearing.  Ascertaining  the 
position  of  a  vessel  when  near 
a  coast,  etc.,  by  taking  the 
bearings  of  two  objects  marked 
on  the  chart,  having  the  neces- 
sary distance  from  each  other 
for  accurate  observation. 

Crosshead.  The  connecting  part  be- 
tween a  piston  and  a  connecting 
rod  on  a  pump  or  an  engine.  See 
Plate  XXXV. 

Crosshead  guide.  A  piece  of  hard 
smooth  faced  metal  fitted  on  the 
inside  of  a  cylinder  column, 
etc.,  on  which  the  shoe  of  the 
crosshead  slides.  See  Plate 
XXXV. 

Crosshead  pin.  A  pin  connecting 
main  rod  and  crosshead.  See 
Plate  XXXIV. 

Crosshead  links  (pumps).  Links 
connecting  crosshead  and  pump 
lever. 

Crosshead  nut.  A  nut  which  pre- 
vents piston  rod  from  turning 
in  or  out  of  crosshead. 

Crossjack.  The  lowermost  square 
sail  on  a  mizzen  mast. 


28 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Crosstrees.  The  arms  extending 
near  the  head  of  a  mast  at  right 
angles  to  the  length  of  a  ves- 
sel, and  to  the  extremities  of 
which  the  topmast  shrouds  are 
stretched  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  support  to  the  topmast. 

Crotches.  Timbers  placed  upon 
the  keel  in  the  forward  and  after 
parts  of  a  vessel,  where  her  form 
grows  narrower  (in  wood 
ships). 

Crown.  A  term  applied  to  the  cov- 
ering or  top  of  various  recep- 
tacles in  a  ship. 

Crown  sheet.  The  plate  forming 
the  top  of  the  firebox  in  certain 
types  of  boilers. 

Crown  of  a  double  bottom, 
crown  of  a  tank.  The  cover  of 
iron  or  steel  plates  on  a  tank. 
It  is  always  fitted  with  man- 
holes giving  entrance  to  the 
interior.  The  curvature  given 
tank  top  or  deck. 

Crown  plate.  A  plate  forming  a 
crown  or  part  of  one. 

Cruiser.  A  boat  or  warship  which 
is  intended  for  extended  voyages ; 
with  yachts  the  word  is  used  in 
contradistinction  to  racers. 

Crutch.  A  triangular-shaped  plate, 
fitted  horizontally  in  the  lower 
after  extremity  of  a  vessel  to 
connect  the  end  stringers,  etc., 
at  this  part  of  a  ship. 

Crutch.  A  trestle  supporting  the 
boom  of  a  fore-and-aft  sail  when 
at  rest.  Its  use  is  to  take  the 
weight  of  the  boom  off  the  hal- 
liards. Metal  rowlocks  are  oc- 
casionally called  crutches. 


Cuddy.  On  shipboard,  a  small 
cabin;  sometimes  the  cook- 
house, on  deck. 

Cutter.  A  large  boat  used  by 
ships  of  war. 

Cut-off  valve.  A  valve,  usually 
fitted  on  the  back  of  the  ordinary 
slide  valve,  for  the  purpose  of 
"  cutting  off  the  steam  "  before  the 
piston  has  completed  its  stroke; 
the  portion  of  steam  admitted  fin- 
ishing the  stroke  by  expansion. 

Cutwater.  That  portion  of  the 
stem  of  a  vessel  which  cleaves 
the  water  as  she  moves. 

Cylinder  columns.  Vertical  sup- 
ports of  the  cylinders  and  other 
elevated  parts  of  an  engine.  See 
Plate  XXXVI. 

Cylinder  cover,  cylinder  head.  A 
movable  lid  fastened  by  bolts,  or 
studs,  and  nuts  on  one  end  of  a 
cylinder. 

Cylinder  drains.  Valves  at  end  of 
cylinders  to  drain  off  condensed 
steam.  See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Cylinders,  .engine.  The  chambers 
where  the  steam  operates  and  the 
pistons  travel.  See  Plate  XXXV. 

Cylinder-head  studs.  Studs  which 
hold  cylinder  head  in  place. 

Cylinder  lagging.  A  covering 
round  a  cylinder,  encased  by 
wood  or  metal,  etc. 

Cylinder  valve  chest  or  receiver. 
A  chamber  containing  valve  for 
steam  distribution  to  cylinder. 

Cylinder  valve  chest  cover.  A 
cover  by  which  valve  is  acces- 
sible. 

Cylinder  valve  chest  cover  studs. 
Studs  to  hold  cover  in  position. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


29 


Cylinder  valve  face.  The  seat  on 
which  valve  controlling  the  ad- 
mission of  steam  travels. 

Cylinders.  Chambers  where  en- 
gine pistons  travel  and  steam  op- 
erates. See  Plate  XXXV. 
'Cylindrical  boiler.  A  boiler  of 
cylindrical  form,  now  in  general 
use,  adapted  to  stand  the  in- 
creased high  pressure  employed. 

Dash  plate.  A  plate  fitted  in  an 
apparatus  to  receive  the  impact 
of  steam,  water,  etc. 

Davit.  A  light  crane  on  a  ship's 
side  for  lowering  and  lifting 
boats.  The  projecting  beam 
over  which  the  anchor  is  hoisted 
is  sometimes  called  a  davit. 

Davit  guys.  Ropes  or  chains  fas- 
tened to  anchor  davits,  boat 
davits,  etc.,  to  keep  them  in 
the  desired  position. 

Davits,  rotating.  Davits  which 
turn  or  "  swing  around  "  in  their 
supports.  (Most  common  type 
of  davit  used  on  shipboard.) 

Davit  socket.  A  socket  in  which 
the  heel  of  a  davit  rests,  and  in 
which  it  can  be  turned. 

Davits,  swan-neck.  Davits  that 
tip  outward  when  lowering  a 
boat,  and  are  curved  so  as  to 
come  inboard  of  it  when  stowed. 
(Used  mostly  for  torpedoboat 
destroyers  and  small  craft  on 
account  of  their  lightness  and 
adaptability  to  the  restricted 
deck  area  and  because  of  their 
speed  and  ease  of  operation.) 

Deadeye.       A     flattened     circular 


piece  of  wood  perforated  for  the 
reception  of  lanyards. 

Dead  flat.  A  portion  of  ship's 
bottom  or  side  where  plating  has 
no  curvature. 

Deadlight.  Any  cover  or  shutter 
fitted  to  protect  the  glass  of  a 
skylight,  cabin  window,  etc.,  i.e., 
to  prevent  the  wash  of  the  sea 
breaking  the  glass  and  entering 
the  apartments. 

Dead  plate.  A  cast-iron  plate  at 
the  front  of  firebox  to  support 
the  front  ends  of  the  grates. 

Dead  point,  dead  center.  A  posi- 
tion of  the  crank  in  which  crank 
axle,  crankpin  and  connecting 
rods  are  in  a  straight  line,  i.e., 
at  the  extreme  position  of  the 
stroke. 

Dead  rise.  The  amount  that  the 
lower  edge  of  bilge  strake  stands 
higher  than  the  keel. 

Dead  sheave.  A  half  sheave  not 
revolving  inserted  anywhere  for 
ropes  to  pass  over  while  fixed 
in  its  position. 

Dead  weight,  cargo  faction.  To 
ascertain  approximately  the 
dead-weight  cargo  in  tons  which 
a  ship  can  carry  on  the  average 
length  of  voyage.  (Rule:  Mul- 
tiply the  number  of  registered 
tons  by  1.5,  and  the  product  will 
be  the  approximate  dead-weight 
cargo  required.) 

Dead  weight.  When  cargo  weighs 
more  than  50  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot 
it  is  spoken  of  as  dead-weight 
cargo ;  frequently  a  vessel's  cargo 
capacity  is  spoken  of  as  so  many 
tons  dead  weight. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Dead  work.  The  topside  of  a  ves- 
sel, i.e.,  that  portion  of  the  hull 
above  the  water  line. 

Deck.  The  covering  of  the  in- 
terior of  a  ship,  either  carried 
completely  over  her  or  only 
over  a  portion. 

Deck,  awning.  A  light  deck  built 
to  shelter  the  deck  below. 

Deck,  bridge.  A  partial  deck  ex- 
tending from  side  to  side  of  ship, 
about  amidships. 

Deck,  forecastle.  A  partial  deck 
at  bow  of  ship,  raised  above 
weather  deck. 

Deck,  hurricane,  or  boat  deck. 
The  uppermost  deck;  deck  where 
boats  are  stowed. 

Deck,  lower.  The  first  full  deck 
above  tank  top. 

Deck,  main  or  2d.  The  second 
full  deck  above  tank  top  or  bot- 
tom of  ship.  See  Plate  XIII. 

Deck,  poop.  A  partial  deck  at 
stern  of  ship,  raised  above 
weather  deck. 

Deck,  promenade.  A  deck  above 
an  upper  deck,  set  aside  for  use 
of  first-class  passengers  on  pas- 
senger ship. 

Deck,  upper  or  sd.  Third  full  deck 
above  tank  top  or  bottom  of 
ship. 

Deck  beam.  A  beam  which  sup- 
ports a  deck.  See  Plate  XII. 

Deck  beam  clamp.  A  clamp  un- 
der a  tier  of  beams  of  any  deck. 

Deck  beam  stringer  plate,  deck 
stringer  plate,  deck  beam 
stringer.  A  plate  stringer  placed 
on  the  beam  ends  of  any  deck. 
The  stringers  take  their  names 


from  the  beams  of  the  various 
decks  on  which  they  are  laid. 
See  Beam  stringer.  See  Plate 
XIII. 

Deck  beam  tie  plates.  Tie  plates 
on  beams  of  unplated  deck. 

Deck  bolts.  The  bolts  by  which 
deck  planks  are  fastened  to  the 
beams. 

Deck  cargo.  Any  cargo  stowed 
on  a  vessel's  deck. 

Deck  carlins.  Lighti  beams  support- 
ing a  deck.  See  Plate  XV. 

Deck  ends.  The  ends  of  planks 
forming  a  deck. 

Deck  girders.  Continuous  longi- 
tudinals fastened  under  the 
deck,  or  fitted  intercostally.  See 
Plate  X. 

Deck  hooks.  Pieces  connecting  the 
extreme  fore  ends  of  deck 
stringer  plates. 

Deck  house,  round  house.  A 
structure  from  6  to  7  feet  in 
height  on  the  upper  deck,  but  • 
not  extending  from  side  to  side 
of  the  vessel  as  in  the  case  with 
a  bridge  house  a  forecastle  a 
poop,  or  raised  quarter  deck; 
usually  containing  crew-space  gal- 
ley, carpenter's  workshop,  etc. 

Deck  light.  A  piece  of  thick  glass, 
the  upper  surface  of  which  is  flat 
and  the  lower  part  angular,  in- 
serted in  a  wooden  deck  for  light. 

Deck  line.  The  line  from  forward 
to  aft  where  a  deck  touches  the 
ship's  side. 

Deck  plan.  A  drawing  showing 
the  layout  of  a  deck. 

Deck  stoppers.  A  strong  stop- 
per used  for  securing  the  cable. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Deck  pillar.  A  pillar  fitted  to  sup- 
port a  deck. 

Deck  planks.  The  wooden  plank- 
ing, covering  deck  beams  ex- 
tending fore  and  aft. 

Deck  plating.  Plates  covering 
deck  beams  and  thus  forming 
an  iron  or  steel  deck. 

Deck  stringer  angle  bar.  An  angle 
bar  used  to  secure  stringer  plate 
of  any  deck  to  shell  plating. 

Deck  stringer  inner  angle  bar. 
Any  angle  bar  connected  to  a 
deck  stringer  and.  forming  inner 
boundary  of  waterway. 

Deck  stringer  outer  angle  bars. 
Short  angle  bars  fitted  between 
the  frames  to  connect  the  outer 
edge  of  a  deck  stringer  plate  to 
the  outside  plating. 

Deck  transom,  transom  beam.  A 
beam  situated  at  the  level  of  a 
deck  to  receive  the  fastenings  of 
the  after  end  of  the  deck  plank- 
ing. See  Plate  XL 

Deck  transversals.  See  Deck 
beams. 

Deep  floors.  Floors  in  the  fore 
and  after  ends  of  a  vessel,  so 
called  on  account  of  their  greater 
depth.  See  Plate  XXV. 

I  Deep  tank.  A  tank  extending  from 
the  floors  up  to  a  lower  or  main 
deck,  and  from  side  to  side  of 
a  vessel. 

Deep  water  line.  The  line  to 
which  a  vessel  is  submerged 
with  a  full  cargo  on  board. 

1  Delivery  pipe.  Any  pipe  through 
which  water  is  led,  and  deliv- 
ered, for  instance,  into  a  boiler, 
a  water-ballast  tank,  etc. 


Delivery  valve.  Any  valve  through 
which  water,  etc.,  is  delivered. 

Depth,  depth  measure.  The  dis- 
tance from  the  underside  of  the 
deck  beams  to  the  keelson,  meas- 
ured inside. 

Depth  of  hold.  The  depth  from 
the  main  deck  down  to  the  ceiling. 

Derrick.  A  crane,  consisting  of  a 
beam  and  mast  with  tackles,  for 
raising  or  lowering  weights,  the 
foot  of  which  rests  either  upon 
the  ground  or  at  the  lower  end 
of  a  mast,  used  to  hoist  heavy 
weights,  cargo,  etc. 

Disc  cutter.    See  Rotary  shears. 

Distortion.  The  result  of  excessive 
strains  that  cause  a  plate  or  a 
form  to  lose  its  proper  shape. 

Displacement.  Total  weight  of 
ship  and  all  on  board  when  at  sea. 
It  is  equal  to  the  weight  of  water 
displaced. 

Dock.  An  excavation  of  large 
area,  for  the  reception  of  ves- 
sels. It  may  be  either  a  wet 
dock,  in  which  ships  are  loaded 
and  unloaded,  or  a  dry  dock,  in 
which  they  are  either  built  or 
repaired. 

Docking  keels.    See  Bilge  keels. 

Dockyard.  A  place  where  ships 
are  built  or  repaired. 

Dog.  A  piece  of  iron  or  steel 
wrought  into  a  semicircular 
shape,  and  of  sufficient  span  to 
cross  a  manhole,  over  which 
it  is  placed,  and  held  by  a  stay 
passed  through  the  manhole 
door  up  to  the  head;  the  free 
end  extending  through  the 
arched  center  of  the  dog,  where 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


it  is  tightened  by  a  screw  nut, 
till  the  lid  or  door  is  securely 
closed  and  held  in  position.  A 
short  piece  of  iron  rod  bent 
nearly  double,  with  one  leg 
longer  than  the  other,  used  by 
furnace  men  to  secure  work  to 
bending  slab. 

Dollybar.  A  holding-on  tool  for  riv- 
eting. A  bar,  offset  or  with  a 
bevel-faced  end,  made  to  use 
where  obstructions  make  it  im- 
practicable to  use  a  holding-on 
hammer.  See  Plate  LV. 

Dolphin.  A  bollard  on  a  pier- 
head, etc.,  or  a  pile  driven  into 
the  bed  of  a  river,  to  which  ropes 
are  fastened  when  moving  the 
vessel  by  hauling. 

Donkey  boiler.  A  small  boiler  for 
operating  auxiliary  engines. 

Donkey  engine.  A  small  engine 
for  pumping,  hoisting,  etc. 

Double  bottom.  A  structure  con- 
sisting of  girders,  angle-bars, 
plating,  etc.,  etc.,  several  feet 
in  height,  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  vessel,  notably  of  steamers, 
extending  from  bilge  to  bilge 
and  in  some  vessels  nearly  the 
whole  length  of  the  ship.  See 
Plate  III. 

Double  keel.  Two  plate  keels,  one 
above  the  other,  called  inner 
and  outer  keel,  respectively.  See 
Plate  VI. 

Doubling  plate.  A  plate  fitted 
inside  or  outside  of  another 
plate  to  insure  strength. 

Draft,  draught  (of  a  vessel).  The 
depth  of  the  submerged  part  of 


a  ship,  i.e.,  vertical  distance  from 
surface  to  lowest  part  of  vessel. 

Draft  marks.  Marks  painted  on 
bow  or  stern  to  show  depth  to 
which  a  vessel  is  loaded.  See 
Plate  XV. 

Drag  links  (sometimes  known  as 
Stevenson  links).  The  curved 
slotted  links  forming  a  part  of 
the  reversing  mechanism.  See 
Plate  XXXVI. 

Drag-link  rods.  Rods  which  trans- 
mit throw  of  weigh  shaft  to 
quadrant.  See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Drain  cocks.  Cocks  fitted  to  drain 
a  cylinder.  See  Plate  XXXIV. 

Dredge.  A  dredge,  or  dredger,  is 
a  machine  for  clearing  or  deep- 
ening rivers,  canals,  etc. 

Drift  pin.  A  small  tool  used  to 
draw  adjoining  parts  in  line 
so  that  the  rivet  holes  will 
coincide. 

Drill  drift.  A  tool  for  removing  a 
drill  from  the  socket. 

Drilling  machine.  A  machine  for 
cutting  holes  in  metal,  rock,  etc. 
See  Plate  LIV. 

Drillers.  Men  who  drill  holes  in 
a  ship's  structure.  See  Plate 
LIV. 

Drills.  Tools  for  boring  holes  in 
metal,  stone,  or  other  hard 
substances. 

Drop  strake.  A  strake  of  plating 
or  planking  not  extending,  like 
other  strakes,  from  end  to  end 
of  a  vessel. 

Dry-bottom  boiler.  A  boiler  hav- 
ing no  water  space  below  the 
furnace. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


33 


Drydock.  An  excavated  place, 
near  a  wet  dock  or  a  river,  of 
oblong  form,  having  a  ve^y  firm 
foundation,  and  the  sides  usually 
lined  with  stones,  sometimes 
with  wood.  At  one  end  gates  are 
fitted  and  water  permitted  to  fill 
it.  A  vessel  is  hauled  in  and  water 
removed  to  permit  work  being 
done  on  her. 

Dub  (in  shipbuilding).  To  work 
with  the  adze  on  a  spar  or  timber ; 
to  smooth  off  planking. 

Dunnage.  Loose  wood  or  rub- 
bish placed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
hold  to  raise  the  cargo  either 
for  purpose  of  ballast,  or  to  keep 
it  dry. 

Eccentric  rod.  A  rod  connecting 
eccentric  sheaves  with  reversing 
link.  See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Eccentric  sheaves.  The  main  part 
of  the  eccentric,  fastened  to  the 
shaft  and  revolving  with  it.  See 
Plate  XXXVI. 

Eccentric  sheaves  key.  A  key  hold- 
ing sheaves  in  position. 

Eccentric  strap.  The  part  of  an 
eccentric  surrounding  the  sheave. 
See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Engine-room  casing.  A  wall  around 
engine  room.  See  Plate  XXXIX. 

Engine-room  control  valve.  The 
main  valve  in  steam  line.  See 
Plate  XXXVI. 

Engine  telegraph.  See  Telegraph. 

Ensign.  The  flag  hoisted  at  the 
stern  to  indicate  the  nationality 
of  the  ship. 

Entrance.    The  point  of   the   bow 


which  enters  the  water  as  the  ship 
moves  forward. 

Escape  valve.  A  relief  valve  on 
an  engine  cylinder  (generally 
on  a  low-pressure  cylinder)  to 
protect  it  from  dangerous  steam 
pressure.  See  Plate  XXXIX. 

Even  keel.  A  vessel  is  said  to  be 
of  even  keel  when  her  draft 
forward  and  aft  is  alike. 

Exhaust  lines  from  seals.  Pipes 
taking  steam  from  seals.  See 
Plate  XLIII. 

Exhaust  line  to  condensers.  The 
pipe  that  takes  steam  from  en- 
gine to  condenser.  See  Plate 
XL. 

Expansion  trunk.  The  upper  por- 
tion of  a  tank  on  an  oil  tanker, 
used  to  allow  for  the  expansion 
of  the  oil.  With  any  fluid  cargo 
large  tanks  must  be  kept  full  or 
the  movement  of  the  cargo  will 
endanger  the  vessel.  To  effect 
this,  comparatively  small  cham- 
bers are  continued  above  the 
tank  proper. 

Eye.  The  eye  or  loop  in  bolt  or  a 
rope. 

Face  plate.  A  plate  fitted  verti- 
cally against  the  edge  of  a  hor- 
izontal plate;  for  instance,  on 
the  inner  edge  of  an  orlop  or 
hold  stringer  plate. 

Fabricate.  To  punch,  cut,  shear, 
drill,  bend,  flange,  rivet,  or  weld 
plates  and  shapes.  See  Plate 
XLVIII. 

Fair  curves.  The  lines  of  a  boat, 
either  vertical,  horizontal,  trans- 


34 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


verse,  or  sectional,  which  are 
regular  even  curves  without  any 
severe  or  sharp  angular  bends. 

Fair,  to,  or  fair  up.  Connect- 
ing or  fairing  up  ship's  lines  on 
mold  loft  floor.  On  wood  ship,  to 
smooth  off  planking  or  ceiling. 

Fairleads.  Fittings  through  which 
a  line  or  chain  is  led  to  change 
its  direction  without  excessive 
friction. 

Fair  ship.  To  keep  ship  plumb  on 
ways  while  under  construction. 

Fake  (of  a  coil  of  rope).  One  of 
the  rings  forming  a  coil  of  rope. 

Fake  (v.).  To  coil  or  to  place*  in 
some  regular  fashion  so  that  a 
rope  or  chain  will  "run  clear." 

Fall.  That  portion  of  a  tackle 
rope  to  which  the  power  is  ap- 
plied. This  term  is  also  given 
to  ropes  employed  to  form 
tackles. 

False  keel.  An  addition  to  the 
main  keel.  It  not  only  acts  as 
a  protection  to  the  main  keel, 
but  enables  the  vessel  to  take 
a  better  hold  of  the  water. 

False  post,  false  sternpost.  A 
piece  of  timber  of  less  mold- 
ing than  a  sternpost,  fitted  and 
bolted  to  the  after  part  of  the 
latter,  for  additional  strength. 

Fantail.  The  overhang  of  a  ves- 
sel's stern  when  it  extends  un- 
usually far  and  deck  is  rounded 
at  stern. 

Fashion  pieces.  The  aftermost 
timbers  of  a  vessel  which  form 
or  fashion  the  shape  of  her 
stern. 


Fathom.  A  measure  of  length  for 
ropes,  etc.,  and  for  measuring 
the  depths  of  soundings  taken. 
In  England  and  America,  6 
ft;  in  France,  about  5  ft.  1/4  in. 

Fay.  To  join  two  pieces  of  tim- 
ber by  thinning  down  the  ends 
and  fitting  to  each  other. 

Faying  surface.  The  surface  be- 
tween two  adjoining  parts. 

Faying  side.  The  side  of  plate 
punch  enters  from,  i.e.,  plates 
are  punched  from  side  that  is  to 
bear  on  other  plate,  to  avoid  the 
burr  that  is  made  by  the  punch. 

Feathering  paddle  A  paddle  wheel 
in  which  the  blades  are  so  con- 
structed and  arranged  as  to  en- 
ter and  leave  the  water  edge- 
wise, or  as  nearly  so  as  possible. 

Feed  cock.  A  cock  to  control  the 
flow  of  feed  water. 

Feed  heater.  An  apparatus  in  which 
the  feed  water  is  heated  by  steam 
before  entering  the  boiler. 

Feed  pump.  The  pump  by  which 
boilers  are  supplied  with  water, 
usually  from  the  hotwell  of  the 
air  pump 

Fender.  A  device  to  prevent  chaf- 
ing or  bumping,  made  of  wood, 
rope,  or  cork. 

Ferry.  A  vessel  or  boat  passing 
constantly  to  and  fro  across  a 
river,  or  some  narrow  water, 
for  the  transport  of  passengers, 
live  stock,  goods,  etc. 

Fid.  A  bolt  of  wood  or  iron  which 
fixes  the  heel  of  a  topmast  or 
bowsprit.  The  fid  of  a  mast  rests, 
when  the  topmast  is  lifted,  in 
the  fid  holes  upon  the  trestle 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


35 


trees,  thereby  preventing  the 
topmast  from  coming  down. 

Fiddle  block.  A  block  with  one 
sheave  larger  than  another,  and 
which,  therefore,  can  take  two 
sizes  of  rope.  Sometimes  called 
a  thick-and-thin  block. 

Fidley.  An  iron  casing  enclosing 
the  foot  of  a  funnel,  above  the 
stokehole,  sometimes  also  the 
boiler  hatchway.  It  is  fitted 
with  bar  gratings,  "  fidley  grat- 
ings," and  lids,  which  may  be 
opened  or  closed  according  to 
the  weather. 

Fidley  hatch.     Same  as  fidley. 

Fiferail.  A  rail  fitted  around  masks, 
pumps,  etc.;  takes  belaying  pins  to 
which  running  gear  is  made  fast. 

Fillets.  Filling  of  an  inner  angle 
of  a  forging  or  casting  to 
strengthen  it. 

Firebars,  furnace  bars.  Iron  bars 
laid  as  a  grate  in  a  furnace,  on 
which  the  fuel  is  placed  for 
consumption. 

Firebar  bearers,  furnace-bar  bear- 
ers. The  supports  in  a  furnace 
upon  which  the  firebars  rest. 

Firebox.  The  part  of  a  boiler  con- 
taining the  furnace. 

Firebox  straps,  combustion- 
chamber  stays.  Stays  between 
the  back  end  plate  of  a  boiler 
and  the  back  plate  of  a  combus- 
tion chamber. 

Fire  slice,  slice  bar.  A  tool  used 
by  the  fireman  to  clean  a  fire. 

Fish  tackle.  See  Cat  -  and  -  fish 
tackle. 


Fireman's  cocks,  ash  cocks.  Cocks 
serving  to  supply  water  to  be 
poured  on  hot  ashes  to  quench 
any  fire  smouldering  in  them. 

Flange.  The  bent  or  curved  edge, 
or  rim  of  a  pipe,  or  cylinder. 
They  are  "  turned  up  "  on  a  shaft 
or  a  removable  propeller  blade, 
made  separate  and  screwed  on 
pipe. 

Flange  joint.  A  flange  joint  is 
made  by  two  flanges  bolted 
together. 

Flanged  plate.  Any  plate  bent  in 
a  more  or  less  angular  form;  for 
instance,  on  a  bracket  or  floor 
plate,  a  plate  with  a  bent  or  curved 
edge.  See  Plate  VI. 

Flare  or  flam  (a  flying  out).  The 
outward  and  upward  curve  of 
a  vessel's  bow. 

Flat.  A  small  partial  deck  built 
without  curvature. 

Flat  floor.  The  lower  portion  of 
a  transverse  frame,  usually  a 
vertical  plate  extending  from 
center  line  to  bilge  and  from  in- 
ner to  outer  bottom  without 
camber. 

Flat  of  bottom.  The  nearly  hor- 
izontal portion  of  a  ship's  bot- 
tom. 

Flat-plate  keel.  A  keel  consisting 
of  plates  about  the  same  length 
and  about  T/s  more  in  thickness 
than  the  garboard-plates  and 
fitted  horizontally  at  the  center 
line,  under  the  floors,  in  lieu  of 
a  bar  keel.  See  Plate  II. 

Flat  -  plate  keelson,  flat  keelson 
plate.  A  range  of  plates  placed 
horizontally  on  the  top  of  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


keelson  and  floors,  connected  to 
each  other  lengthwise  and  riveted 
to  double  angle  bars  fitted  on  the 
upper  edge  of  the  floors. 

Floors.  That  portion  of  the  trans- 
verse frames  of  a  vessel  which 
extend  from  bilge  to  bilge  and 
connect  to  keel  and  keelson.  See 
Plate  XX. 

Floor  ceiling.  That  portion  of  the 
ceiling  placed  horizontally,  or 
nearly  so,  above  the  floors. 

Floor  head.  Either  end  of  a 
floor. 

Floor-head  chock.  A  piece  of 
shaped  wood,  serving  to  connect 
a  floor  head  with  the  heel  of  a 
buttock. 

Foot  grating.  A  grating  placed 
usually  in  the  after  end  of  a 
boat,  covering  the  well,  serving 
for  a  foothold  for  the  person 
steering. 

Floor  plates.  Plates  placed  ver- 
tically in  a  vessel's  bottom,  ex- 
tending from  bilge  to  bilge,  usu- 
ally in  way  of  every  frame,  in 
which  the  lower  edge  of  each  is 
connected  and  to  their  upper 
edge  the  reversed  frames  are 
riveted.  See  Plates  VI  and  XX. 

Flush  deck.  A  continuous  deck 
without  break. 

Flush-deck  vessel.  A  vessel  hav- 
ing a  continuous  upper  deck 
without  any  break  or  erection, 
as  forecastle,  poop,  raised  quar- 
ter deck,  or  other  structure  ex- 
tending from  side  to  side  of  a 
vessel. 

Flush-head  rivet.  A  rivet  the  head 
of  which  does  not  extend  above 


the  surface  of  the  plate,  angle 
bar,  etc.,  into  which  it  is  driven. 

Fly  (of  a  flag).  Its  length;  that 
part  of  a  flag  which  is  farthest 
from  the  mast.  The  card  upon 
which  are  marked  the  points  of 
the  compass. 

Force  pump.  A  kind  of  pump 
used  to  throw  water  to  a  dis- 
tance. It  has  two  sets  of  valves ; 
one  holds  intake  on  return  stroke, 
the  other  set  keeps  that  which  has 
been  forced  from  piston  chamber 
from  returning. 

Fore,  fore  part  (of  a  vessel).  The 
forward  end. 

Fore  and  aft.  In  line  with  the 
ship's  keel;  as,  fore-and-aft  deck 
line  girders. 

Forecastle.  A  structure  upon  the 
upper  deck  of  a  vessel;  in  steel 
ships,  generally  extending  from 
side  to  side  and  from  the  fore- 
peak  aft  to  end  of  the  fore- 
castle deck.  The  crew's  quar- 
ters. 

Fore  foot.  That  part  of  the  keel 
which  curves  and  runs  to  meet 
the  stem. 

Fore  hooks.  Strengthening  tim- 
bers in  the  bow  of  a  vessel, 
binding  the  other  timbers 
together. 

Fore  lock.  A  sort  of  linchpin,  or 
split  pin  through  the  end  of  a 
bolt  to  prevent  it  from  getting 
out  of  position.  Also,  the  braces 
of  the.  rudder. 

Foremast.  The  lower  mast  near- 
est to  the  stem,  in  all  vessels 
having  two  or  more  masts. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


37 


Fore-peak.  The  extreme  fore 
end  of  a  vessel's  hold. 

Fore  rake.  The  forward  inclina- 
tion of  the  stem  of  a  vessel,  or 
of  a  topmast,  etc. 

Forestay.  A  rope  or  wire  run- 
ning from  a  masthead  to  the 
stem  of  a  vessel,  or  to  the 
bowsprit  end.  It  prevents  the 
mast  from  falling  backward  un- 
der the  weight  of  the  sails. 

Forereach.  To  overtake  another 
vessel  and  reach  ahead  of  her. 

Fork  beam.  A  small  forked  beam 
which  supports  a  deck  where  a 
hatchway  occurs. 

Forming.  Shaping  partially  con- 
verted timber  or  plates  so.  as  to 
give  them  the  desired  form  for 
building. 

Forward.  In  front  of;  towards  the 
bow. 

Forward  part.  The  fore  part,  in 
the  bows  of  a  vessel. 

Forward  quarter.  A  section  of  the 
bow  on  either  side  between  the 
stem  and  side. 

Foul.  A  vessel  is  said  to  be  "  foul  " 
when  barnacles,  grass,  etc.,  ad- 
here to  her  bottom,  and  accu- 
mulate in  such  quantities  as  to 
impede  her  progress.  A  ship's 
anchor  is  foul  when  the  cable 
has  caught  the  flukes  or  the 
stock.  A  tackle  is  foul  when 
the  fall  is  jammed  in  the  blocks, 
etc. 

Found,  all  found.  A  vessel  or 
boat  is  said  to  be  "all  found" 
when  she  has  masts,  rigging, 
and  gear,  and  all  other  neces- 


saries for  going  out,  and  "  well 
found  "  when  all  these  are  good. 

Foundation  plate,  sole  plate.  A 
plate  to  which  an  engine  or 
pump,  etc.,  is  bolted.  A  plate 
forming  part  of  a  foundation. 

Founder.  To  fill  with  water  and 
sink;  to  miscarry. 

Frame.  The  skeleton  of  a  vessel; 
all  the  structure  to  which  deck 
and  shell  plating  or  planking  is 
fastened.  See  Plates  XIII,  XIV 
and  XVI. 

Frame  angle  bars.  The  angle  bars 
of  which  a  frame  of  any  kind  is 
constructed. 

Frames,  cant.  A  group  of  frames 
(cant  frames)  extending  over  the 
rudder,  forming  the  stern  of  the 
ship;  i.e.,  frames  not  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel.  See  Plate  XI. 

Frame  mold.  A  template  for  the 
frame  of  a  ship. 

Frames,  reverse.  Angles  at  top  of 
floor  plates;  angles  forming  part 
of  a  frame  but  in  a  reversed  po- 
sition to  the  angle  joining  the 
shell  plating. 

Frames,  side.  Frames  in  the  side 
above  and  connecting  with  the 
margin  plates.  See  Plate  XIV. 

Freeboard.  The  distance  from 
the  water's  edge  to  the  top  of 
the  deck  at  the  side;  that  part 
of  the  side  of  a  vessel  or  boat 
which  lies  between  the  line  of 
flotation  and  the  upper  side  of 
the  ship's  decks  when  loaded. 

Freeing  port.  An  opening  in  the 
bulwark  for  discharging  large 
quantities  of  water,  when  thrown 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


by  the  sea  upon  the  ship's 
deck. 

Fuller.  A  tool  for  setting  out  or 
offsetting. 

Funnel.  A  large  sheet-iron  tube, 
extending  from  the  uptake  high 
above  the  deck,  through  which 
the  smoke  and  gases  pass. 

Furnace.  A  casing  or  tube  of 
large  dimensions  inserted  in  a 
boiler,  fitted  with  a  fire  grate 
on  which  the  fuel  to  raise  steam 
is  fired  and  tended.  That  por- 
tion below  the  fire  grate  is 
termed  "  ash  pit." 

Furnace  bridge,  fire  bridge.  An 
iron  plate  supporting  layers  of 
fire-brick  forming  the  raised 
end  of  a  furnace,  the  object  be- 
ing to  offer  as  much  obstruction 
as  possible  to  the  too  quick 
passage  of  the  liberated  gases, 
and  gain  more  perfect 
combustion. 

Furnace  crown.  The  upper  por- 
tion of  a  furnace. 

Furnace  door.  A  door  in  the  front 
of  the  firebox  for  firing. 

Furniture.  The  masts  and  rig- 
ging, etc. 

Gaff.  A  spar  having  usually  at 
one  end  a  jaw  partially  clasping 
the  round  of  a  mast,  and  to 
which  the  top  of  a  fore-and-aft 
sail  is  attached. 

Galley.    The  kitchen  of  a  vessel. 

Galley  dresser.  A  cook's  work 
table. 

Galley  funnel.  A  sheet-iron  or 
brass  tube  through  which 


smoke  is  conveyed  to  the  open 
air  from  galley  stove 

Galvanizing.  Dipping  iron  or 
steel  forms,  after  they  have  been 
cleaned,  into  a  bath  of  melted 
zinc;  done  as  a  protection 
against  rust. 

Gammoning.  An  iron  hoop,  a 
rope,  or  chain  lashing  placed 
round  a  bowsprit  immediately 
outside  of  its  bed,  fastened  to 
some  extreme  fore  end  of  the 
vessel,  to  assist  the  bobstays  in 
keeping  the  bowsprit  in  its  bed. 

Gangboard.  A  board  used  for 
getting  on  board  a  vessel  from 
a  quay  or  pier;  i.e.,  "gangplank." 

Gangway.  The  sides  of  the  up- 
per deck,  from  the  mainmast  to 
the  mizzen  mast,  or  from  the 
former  to  the  break  of  a  poop, 
or  raised  quarter  deck;  also, 
passage  for  entering  or  leaving 
a  vessel. 

Gangway.  A  narrow  platform  or 
bridge  from  one  deck  of  a  ves- 
sel to  another. 

Gantline,  girtline.  A  rope  rove 
through  a  single-sheave  block, 
by  means  of  which  anything  is 
hoisted  aloft  from  the  deck  or 
lowered  from  aloft  to  deck. 

Garboard.  The  lowest  part  of  a 
vessel. 

Garboard  strake.  The  lowest 
strakes  in  a  vessel,  which  abut 
upon  the  keel.  Sometimes  called 
sand  strakes.  See  Plates  VI 
and  VIII. 

Garland.  A  ring  of  rope  placed 
round  a  spar  for  the  purpose  of 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


39 


moving  it,  as,  for  example,  sway- 
ing a  heavy  mast. 

Gaskets.  Ropes  used  to  hold  furled 
sails  to  the  yard  or  boom;  pack- 
ing on  manhole  doors  of  boiler 
and  on  all  watertight  doors  or 
hatch  covers,  on  cylinder  heads 
or  pipe  flanges. 

Gauge  glass,  water  gauge  glass.  A 
thick  glass  tube,  attached  to  a 
boiler  or  the  water  gauge  column, 
in  communication  with  the  water 
in  the  boiler  to  indicate  its  level. 

Gear.  A  general  term  applied  on 
board  a  vessel  to  sets  of  ropes, 
blocks,  etc.,  used  in  working  a 
sail. 

Gauge  pipe.  A  pipe  through  which 
water  or  steam  is  conveyed  to 
the  gauge. 

Geared  engine.  An  engine  equipped 
with  gearing  to  increase  the 
speed  of  the  screw  shaft. 

Gib.  A  wedge-shaped  piece  of 
metal  that  holds  another  in 
place  or  presses  two  pieces  to- 
gether. (Used  to  take  up  wear, 
as  on  a  crosshead  guide.) 

Gig.  A  long  narrow  boat  of  good 
pattern,  chiefly  for  the  ship- 
master's use  when  going  ashore 
or  returning  to  his  vessel. 

Gimbals.  A  contrivance  by  which 
the  ship's  compass  is  kept  hor- 
izontal while  the  vessel  is  roll- 
ing and  pitching.  (Consists  of 
two  concentric  rings  pivoted  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.) 

Gin  blocks.  Blocks  used  on  derrick 
heads  and  spars  in  conjunction 
with  a  whip  for  handling  cargo, 


and    consisting    of    a    skeleton 
frame  and  sheaves  of  iron. 

Girder  plate.  Any  plate  used  in 
forming  a  girder. 

Girders.  Members  of  ship's  frame 
running  fore  and  aft  under  deck 
beams  to  support  them. 

Girdle.  Extra  planking  over  the 
wales  or  bands  of  a  vessel. 

Girth.  The*  distance  in  a  frame 
from  gunwale  to  gunwale. 

Gland.  A  flanged  tube  partly  in- 
serted in  a  stuffing  box,  to  com- 
press the  contained  packing. 

Gland  packing.  The  packing  in  a 
stuffing  box  compressed  by  the 
gland. 

Goose.  The  fittings  of  a  boom 
to  a  mast  by  means  of  a  curved 
pin  or  hook  in  the  heel  of  a 
boom  which  fits  into  a  ring  or 
short  cylinder  on  the  mast. 

Gore  strake.  An  angular  piece  of 
planking  or  a  strake,  terminat- 
ing short  of  the  stern  or  stem. 

Gores,  goring.  The  angular  piece 
of  canvas  in  a  sail,  which  makes 
the  foot  broader  than  the  head. 

Gouge.  A  chisel  with  a  half- 
round  edge. 

Governor.  A  device  for  automatic 
control  of  engine  speed.  See 
Plate  XLI. 

Grab  stand.  A  special  rig  used  to 
hold  an  electric  or  air-drilling 
machine,  when  drilling. 

Grapnel.  A  small  stockless  an- 
chor, having  usually  4  or  5 
flukes,  used  chiefly  for  anchor- 
ing ship's  boats,  or  for  recover- 
ing something  lost  overboard  or 
off  a  dock. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Grate,  fire  grate.  The  bars  on 
which  fuel  is  burned  under  a 
boiler. 

Grating.  A  lattice-work  of  wood 
or  metal.  See  Plate  XXXIX. 

Grating,  hatch.  A  grating  fitted 
over  a  hatchway  to  replace  solid 
hatches. 

Grease  cock,  tallow  cock.  A  cock, 
one  end  passing  just  through 
the  boiler's  front,  the  other 
tapped  for  a  syringe  to  be 
screwed  on,  for  the  injection  of 
melted  tallow  or  oil,  to  lessen 
the  priming  of  the  boiler. 

Gridiron.  A  framework  of  stout 
timber  bedded  on  a  firm  bottom 
at  a  river  side,  over  which  a 
vessel  may  be  hauled  at  high 
tide.  It  takes  the  place  of  a 
drydock. 

Grommet.  A  ring  made  of  a  sin- 
gle strand  of  rope  used  as  a 
saddle  under  the  eyes  of  stand- 
ing rigging. 

Gross  tonnage.  The  whole  cubi- 
cal capacity  of  every  enclosed 
space  on  board  of  a  ship,  in- 
cluding all  the  room  under  deck, 
from  stem  to  sternpost,  if 
closed  in  and  usable. 

Ground  blocks.  See  Sleeper  and 
Plate  I. 

Ground  tackle.  A  vessel's  bower 
anchors  and  chain  cables. 

Ground  ways.  See  Ways  and 
Plate  XV. 

Gudgeon.  A  pin  or  journal  to 
which  other  working  parts  can  be 
attached,  as  the  air  or  circulating 
pump  gudgeons,  link  gudgeons, 


etc.  (For  rudder  gudgeon,  see 
Rudder  braces.) 

Guide  rod,  tail  rod.  Any  length- 
ened portion  of  a  rod  working 
in  a  guide,  as  the  tail  end  of  a 
piston  rod  moving  through  the 
aperture  in  a  cylinder  cover, 
which  forms  a  guide. 

Guide  block,  guide  shoe.  A  flat 
piece  of  metal  attached  to  the 
crosshead  of  a  piston  rod  and 
working  on  the  face  of  the 
guide,  by  which  its  motion  is 
directed. 

Gunwale,  gunnel.  The  upper  part 
of  the  sheerstrake,  i.e.,  where 
it  comes  in  contact  with  the  up- 
per deck  stringer. 

Gunwale  angle  bar.  An  angle 
bar  connecting  the  outer  edge 
of  an  upper  deck  stringer, 
poop,  bridge,  or  forecastle  deck 
stringer,  to  their  respective 
sheerstrakes. 

Gunwale  plate.  A  term  sometimes 
given  to  the  stringer  plate  of  an 
upper  deck,  poop  bridge,  etc.; 
also,  one  used  in  the  forming  of 
a  rounded  gunwale. 

Gunwale  stringer.  The  stringer 
of  any  weather  deck,  i.e.,  of  an 
upper,  spar,  awning,  shelter, 
bridge,  forecastle,  poop,  or  raised 
quarter  deck. 

Gusset,  gusset  plate.  An  angular 
plate  fitted  horizontally  for 
strength  and  connection.  Gus- 
set plates  are  fitted  to  the  ends 
of  "  strong  hold  beams "  for 
more  securely  connecting  them 
with  the  hold  beam  stringer 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


plates.  Sometimes  used  from 
margin  plate  to  frames. 

Gusset  stays.  Triangular  plates 
fitted  in  some  steam  boilers  for 
strengthening  the  connection  of 
the  end  plates  with  the  shell. 

Gutter  angle  bar.  The  inner  an- 
gle bar  of  a  gutter  waterway. 

Gutter,  waterway.  The  gutter  or 
runway  between  the  gunwale 
and  gutter  angle  bars,  forming  a 
channel  for  water  to  run  to  deck 
scuppers. 

Half  beams.  Short  beams  ex- 
tending from  a  boiler  or  ma- 
chinery casing  or  from  the 
hatch  side  coaming  to  the  side 
of  the  ship. 

Half-breadth  plan.  The  plan  of 
one  half  of  a  vessel,  divided  by 
a  center  line  drawn  through 
stem  and  stern  posts.  It  shows 
water,  bow,  and  buttock  lines. 

Half-breadth  staff  or  rod.  A  rod 
having  marked  upon  it  the  half- 
length  beams  of  a  vessel.  The 
measurements  are  taken  from 
the  half-breadth  plan. 

Half  floors,  first  buttocks.  Frames 
or  timbers,  the  heels  of  which 
meet  the  middle  line  of  the  keel  in 
wooden  ships. 

Half  hitch.  A  bend  in  a  rope; 
part  of  the  process  of  making 
a  knot. 

Half  poop.  A  deck  of  small  height, 
from  3  to  4  feet  only  above  the 
upper-deck;  an  after  deck-house. 

Halliard,  halyard.  A  rope  by 
which  a  yard,  gaff,  sail,  flag,  etc., 
is  hoisted.  They  are  named  after 


the  objects  they  are  used  to 
hoist. 

Hammock.  A  bed  used  on  ves- 
sels, made  of  canvas  and  hung 
up  at  each  end  by  means  of 
hooks. 

Hamper,  tophamper.  The  rigging 
and  other  necessary  articles 
which  encumber  a  ship  aloft. 

Hand-hole  (in  a  boiler).  A  hole 
for  cleaning  purposes. 

Hand  pumps.  Pumps  worked  by 
hand  instead  of  by  steam. 

Hand  rails.  Metal  bars  or  light 
pieces  of  wood,  fitted  on  the 
sides  of  a  ladder,  as  on  that  be- 
longing to  a  poop,  bridge,  or 
forecastle. 

Handspike  A  strong  wooden  bar 
used  as  a  lever  for  turning  a 
capstan,  windlass,  etc.;  a  bar  for 
lifting  heavy  objects. 

Hand  steering  wheel.  A  wheel 
used  when  steering  by  hand. 

Hand  wheels.  Wheels  for  opening 
valves. 

Hanging  knee.  A  knee  or  support 
fastened  under  deck  beams. 

Hanks.  Rings,  of  wood  or  iron, 
or  catch  hooks  by  which  sails 
may  be  made  to  run  on  stays,  or 
purchase  ropes  be  hooked  on  to 
tackles. 

Harpings.  The  thicker  wales 
(planks)  at  the  forward  part 
of  a/  hull  and  fastened  to  stern. 
(Sometimes  spelled  harpins.) 

Hatch,  hatchway.  An  opening  in 
the  deck  of  a  vessel  through 
which  persons  or  cargo  may  de- 
scend. Hatches  vary  greatly  in 
size  and  number,  and  are  often 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


designated  by  numbers.  See 
Plate  XIV. 

Hatch  battens.  Battens  used  for 
securing  the  edges  of  tarpaulins 
to  the  hatchway  coamings,  so 
that  they  cannot  be  torn  off 
the  hatches  by  wind  or  sea. 

Hatch  covers.  Covers  of  wood  or 
other  material  for  closing  up 
hatchways. 

Hatch  bars.  Flat  iron  bars  the 
full  length  of  a  hatchway,  fit- 
ted close  over  hatches  to  pre- 
vent them  from  being  opened 
by  stealth. 

Hatchway  end  beam.  A  beam 
placed  at  the  fore  or  after  end  of  a 
hatchway,  to  which  the  head 
ledge  is  connected. 

Hatchway  callings.  Plates,  gen- 
erally in  the  form  of  bulb  plate, 
fitted  under  the  hatchway  coam- 
ings, between  the  hatch  beams, 
and  to  which  the  inner  ends  of 
the  half  beams  are  fastened. 

Hatchway  coaming.  The  vertical 
plates  forming  the  border 
round  a  hatchway.  See  Plate 
XIV. 

Hatchway  house.  A  structure 
fixed  over  a  hatchway  as  a  pro- 
tection from  rain,  wash  of  the 
sea,  etc. 

Hawse.  That  portion  of  water  in 
front  of  a  ship  which  extends 
from  the  stem  of  the  boat  to 
the  point  which  lies  vertically 
above  the  anchor  when  down. 

Haw&e  blocks.  Plugs  for  stopping 
the  hawse  holes  when  the  ship  is 
at  sea. 

Hawse   flap.     An   iron    cover    or 


shutter  fitted  on  the  outside  of 
a  hawse  pipe,  to  prevent  the 
sea  entering  through  it. 
Hawse  hole.  One  of  the  holes  in 
the  upper  bow  near  the  stem, 
into  which  the  hawse  pipe  is 
fitted. 

Hawse  pipe.  A  cast-iron  pipe  usu- 
ally fitted  in  a  hawse  hole  to 
prevent  the  chafing  by  the  ca- 
bles. In  modern  practice,  made 
to  house  anchor.  See  Plate 
XIV. 

Hawse-pipe  flange.     The  rim  on 
either  end  of  a  hawse  pipe,  fas- 
tened with  bolts  to  the  deck  and 
shell  plating  of  a  vessel,  to  keep 
the  pipe  in  position. 
Hawser.     A    rope,   manila   hemp 
or  wire,  90  to  100  fathoms  long; 
less   in   size    than   a    tow    rope, 
but  heavier  than  a  warp. 
Hawser  laid.    The  designation  of 
a  rope   laid    (or  wound  up)   in 
right-hand  direction.    It  may  be 
Plain  laid,  with  three  or  four 

strands,   or 

Shroud  laid,  with  four  or  more 
strands  laid  about  a  heart 
or  core  strand. 
When  Cable  laid,  three  or  more 
strands  of  plain  laid  rope 
are  laid  up  together  with  a 
left-hand  twist. 

Hawser  port.  An  opening  in  the 
side  plating  of  a  forecastle,  or 
in  a  bulwark,  etc.,  for  passing 
the  hawsers  through  when  used 
for  towing  or  mooring  a  vessel. 
Head  of  a  ship.  The  fore  end  of 
her.  "  By  the  head,"  or  "  down 
by  the  head/'  implies  that  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


43 


head  is  depressed,  just  as  "down 
by  the  stern  "  signifies  that  her 
stern  is  down. 

Head  knee  or  cheek  knee.  The 
principal  knee,  or  strengthening 
piece,  fayed  to  the  stem. 

Headledge.  The  fore  or  after 
thwartships  piece  of  a  hatchway 
coaming. 

Headledge  plate.  A  plate  form- 
ing a  headledge. 

Headlights.  Lights  carried  at  the 
masthead. 

Head  of  the  mast,  or  masthead. 
That  part  of  the  mast  from  the 
hounds  upward. 

Head  of  the  bowsprit.  The  for- 
ward end. 

Head  of  a  deadeye.  The  outer 
side  of  the  flat  surface  through 
which  the  holes  are  bored. 

Head  of  the  keel.  The  forefoot, 
the  other  extremity  being  the 
heel. 

Head  sails.  The  forward  sails, 
as  the  jib  and  forestay  sail. 

Heads.  The  timbers  (ribs)  of  a 
vessel,  or  the  upper  parts  of  them. 

Heater  or  heater  boy.  A  boy  who 
heats  rivets. 

Heating  tongs.  Tongs  used  to 
take  rivets  from  fire. 

Heave.  To  throw  or  cast  forth 
with  a  toss;  as,  to  heave  a  line. 

Heel.  The  inner  end  of  a  bow- 
sprit or  a  jib-boom,  also  the 
lowermost  portion  of  any  mast. 

Heel  brace.  The  bottom  rudder 
brace. 

Heel  knee.  A  knee  sometimes 
fitted  for  more  securely  con- 


necting the  heel  of  a  sternpost 
to  the  after  end  of  a  keel. 

Heel  pintle.  The  bottom  rudder 
pintle. 

Heeling.  Careening  or  tipping 
over  upon  the  ship's  side. 

Helm.  The  rudder,  tiller,  and  other 
gear  by  which  a  vessel  is 
steared. 

Hemp  rope.  A  rope  made  from  the 
fibers  of  common  hemp. 

High  -  pressure  connecting  rod. 
The  rod  connecting  the  piston  rod 
of  high-pressure  cylinder  with 
the  crankshaft. 

High-pressure  cylinder.  The  cyl- 
inder in  a  compound,  a  triple-ex- 
pansion, or  a  quadruple-expan- 
sion engine,  into  which  the  steam 
first  enters,  and  after  its  use 
there  passing  either  into  an  in- 
termediate or  the  low-pressure 
cylinder. 

High-pressure  engine.  An  engine 
to  which  steam  is  admitted  at  or 
above  a  boiler  pressure  of  5  at- 
mospheres, equal  to  75  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

High-pressure  gear.  The  mech- 
anism attached  to  high-pressure 
cylinder. 

High-pressure  piston.  A  piston 
working  in  a  high-pressure  cyl- 
inder. 

High-pressure  piston  rod.  The  rod 
connected  with  a  high-pressure 
piston. 

High-pressure  steam  chest,  high- 
pressure  valve  chest,  high-pres- 
sure valve  casing.  The  casing  in 
which  the  valve  works  to  admit 
steam  to  H.  P.  cylinder. 


44 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


High-pressure  valve  casing  door. 

The  door  for  high  -  pressure 
valve  casing.  See  Plate  XXXIX. 

High-pressure  valve  rod,  high- 
pressure  valve  spindle.  The  rod 
connecting  a  high-pressure  valve 
with  the  link. 

Hinge.  A  connection  between  two 
parts,  such  that  one  part  will  turn 
upon  the  other. 

Hitch.  Name  given  to  a  certain 
twist  made  with  rope  to  form 
knots  which  may  be  very  easily 
loosened. 

Hogged.  A  vessel  is  said  to  be 
"  hogged "  when  the  fore  and 
after  ends  of  the  hull  have 
dropped  with  regard  to  the  mid- 
dle portion. 

Hogging.  A  falling  of  the  head 
and  stern  by  some  accidental 
weakness  in  the  keel — a  dan- 
gerous thing  with  a  ship,  some- 
times the  result  of  her  taking, 
or  remaining  too  long  on,  the 
ground. 

Hoist.  To  elevate  or  to  haul 
aloft  with  or  without  the  assist- 
ance of  tackles. 

Hoisting  engine.  A  steam  winch 
or  other  machine  used  for  hoist- 
ing cargo,  ashes,  etc. 

Hoisting  gear,  lifting  gear.  Tackles, 
screws  etc.;  in  an  engine  room, 
used  for  lifting  cylinder  covers, 
crankshafts  and  various  other 
heavy  parts  of  an  engine. 

Hold.  The  space  below  a  ves- 
sel's deck,  principally  allotted 
for  the  reception  of  a  vessel's 
cargo. 


Hold  beam.  A  beam  fitted  below 
the  deck  beams  in  one-decked 
vessels,  and  below  the  lower 
deck  in  vessels  having  several 
decks. 

Hold-beam  stringer.  A  stringer 
plate  on  the  ends  of  hold  and  or- 
lop beams.  These  stringers  are 
usually  between  such  beams  sup- 
ported by  bracket  plates,  riveted 
to  the  frames. 

Hold  bunker.  Term  given  to  a 
coal  bunker,  or  the  portion  of  one, 
below  the  lower  deck. 

Hold  ceiling.  The  covering  of  the 
inside  of  the  frames,  below  the 
lower  deck. 

Hold  pillar.  A  pillar  supporting 
the  lowermost  deck. 

Hold  stringer.  Any  stringer  fit- 
ted in  the  hold  of  a  vessel. 

Holidays.  Portions  of  the  surface 
of  a  vessel's  side,  or  anything 
in  connection  with  a  ship,  left 
bare  through  carelessness  when 
painting  or  tarring. 

Hollow  keel.  A  range  of  plates 
fitted  horizontally  in  fore-and- 
aft  direction,  under  the  floors, 
at  the  middle  line  of  a  vessel, 
forming  a  keel;  the  plates  being 
so  bent  as  to  make  a  channel 
underneath  the  floors. 

Home.  Anything  close  up  or  in 
its  place;  the  port  a  ship  hails 
from. 

Hood.  A  covering  of  canvas  or 
sheet  iron,  etc.,  over  a  scuttle  com- 
panion, or  a  steering  gear. 

Hook  stick.  A  rig  used  to  hold 
drilling  machine  for  light 
drilling. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


45 


Hooks.  Triangular  plates  fitted 
horizontally  in  the  fore  extrem- 
ity of  a  vessel,  for  connecting 
the  ends  of  the  stringers  and 
for  strengthening  this  part. 

Horn,  to.  To  line  up  or  square 
up. 

Horseshoe  plate.  A  small  plate 
in  the  form  of  a  horseshoe,  fit- 
ted round  the  rudder  stem,  at  the 
lower  entrance  of  the  helm  port, 
to  prevent  the  wash  of  the  sea 
entering.  See  Plate  XV. 

Horsing.  To  drive  oakum  into  the 
seams  of  a  vessel's  outside 
planking,  by  means  of  a  hors- 
ing iron  and  a  large  wooden 
hammer. 

Horsing  iron.  A  broad,  blunt, 
chisel-shaped  tool,  used  with  a 
wooden  mallet  to  drive  oakum 
into  the  seams  of  a  vessel. 

Hotwell.  A  casing  or  trough  to 
receive  the  warm  water  condensed 
from  the  steam. 

Hound.  That  portion  of  a  mast 
upon  which  the  trestletrees 
are  lodged,  and  by  which  they 
are  kept  in  the  desired  position. 

Hounding.  That  portion  of  a 
lower  mast  between  upper  deck 
and  the  trestletrees;  of  a  top- 
mast cap  and  the  topmast  tres- 
tletrees; a  bowsprit,  that  por- 
tion outside  (forward)  of  the 
bed. 

Hounds.  Those  projections  at  the 
lower  part  of  a  masthead  which 
carry  the  trestletrees,  shrouds, 
stays,  etc. 

House  coaming.     Strong  vertical 


plates,  or  pieces  of  timber, 
forming  a  base  of  a  deck  house. 

House  line.  A  three  -  stranded 
cord,  a  little  stouter  than  mar- 
line, used  for  like  purposes. 

Housing.  That  portion  of  a  lower 
mast  under  the  upper  deck;  that 
portion  of  a  topmast  beneath 
the  lower  mast  cap;  that  por- 
tion of  the  bowsprit  abaft  the 
bed. 

Hulk.  The  dismantled  hull  of  an 
old  vessel,  often  used  as  a  coal 
depot,  from  whence  steamers 
obtain  fuel. 

Hull.  The  keel,  stem,  sternpost, 
propeller  post,  keelsons,  string- 
ers, decks,  outside  and  inside 
planking,  or  plating,  etc.,  in- 
cluding also  the  frames,  beams, 
decks,  in-  and  outside  planking 
or  plating  of  poops,  forecastles, 
etc.,  but  exclusive  of  every 
equipment. 

Hydraulic  ram.  A  cylinder  fitted 
with  a  plunger  so  as  to  use 
water  pressure  to  start  launch- 
ing cradle  if  necessary.  See 
Plate  XXVI. 

I  beam.  Iron  beam  with  cross 
section  like  letter  I. 

Ice  lining.  Extra  plates  of  iron 
fixed  at  the  height  of  the  water 
line  on  a  vessel's  bow  as  protec- 
tion against  ice. 

Inboard.    Within  the  ship. 

Incrustation.  A  coat  of  salt,  lime, 
or  other  matter  adhering  to  the 
inside  of  boilers. 

Independent  rudder  pintles.  Pin- 
tles which  are  not  forsred  to  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


main  piece,  but  fitted  with  a  nut 
and  screw,  so  as  to  be  shipped 
and  unshipped  when  desirable. 

Indicated  horsepower.  The  ac- 
tual work  done  in  the  cylinder 
by  the  steam  as  shown  by  the 
indicator. 

Indicator.  An  instrument  by 
which  the  varying  pressure  in 
steam  cylinders  or  pumps,  the 
action  of  a  slide  valve,  etc.,  are 
shown  and  recorded. 

Indicator  card.  A  card  which  re- 
ceives in  diagram  form  the  rec- 
ord made  by  the  indicator 
pencil. 

Indicator  cock.  A  cock  by  which 
steam  from  a  cylinder  is  admit- 
ted to  pass  through  the  indi- 
cator pipe  to  the  indicator. 

Indicator  pipe.  A  connection  with 
the  top  and  bottom  of  a  steam 
cylinder  leading  steam  from 
either  end  to  an  indicator.  See 
Plate  XXXIV. 

Inner  bottom.  The  top  of  a  dou- 
ble bottom. 

Inner  bottom  plate.  One  of  the 
plates  forming  the  top  of  a  dou- 
ble bottom. 

Inner  bottom  plating.  The  plates 
forming  the  top  of  a  double 
bottom. 

Inner  keel.  When  a  double  keel 
is  used,  the  inside  one.  See  Plate 
VI. 

Inner  skin.  The  plating  or  plank- 
ing covering  the  inside  of  the 
frames. 

Inner  sternpost,  inner  post.  A 
piece  of  timber  similar  to  the 
sternpost  fitted  on  the  inner 


side  of  the  latter  and  bolted 
to  it. 

Inner  stringer  angle  bar.  Any  an- 
gle bar  on  the  inner  part  of  a 
stringer  plate. 

Inner  waterway.  The  inside  of 
two  strakes  of  timber  fitted  on  a 
waterway. 

Inside  strake.  A  strake  the  edges 
of  which  are  overlapped  by 
those  of  the  outside  strakes. 

Intercostal  floors.  Ranges  of 
strong  short  plates  fitted  ver- 
tically (usually  one  at  every 
second  frame)  between  the  vari- 
ous girders  of  a  cellular  double 
bottom. 

Intercostal  girders.  A  range  of 
short  plates  fitted  vertically  and 
forming  a  girder  between  the 
floors  of  cellular  double  bottom 
having  continuous  floors. 

Intercostal  girder  angle  bar.  A  bar 
placed  in  a  fore-and-aft  direc- 
tion to  connect  an  intercostal 
girder  plate  in  a  cellular  double 
bottom  to  the  inner  or  outer 
bottom  plating,  or  placed  verti- 
cally for  fixing  it  to  a  floor  plate. 

Intercostal  keelson.  A  range  of 
plates  fitted  vertically  between 
the  various  floors,  extending  as 
far  forward  and  aft  as  practi- 
cable. It  may  have  its  upper 
part  connected  to  a  bilge,  side, 
or  middle-line  keelson,  or  the 
tank  top,  and  its  lower  edge  fas- 
tened to  the  outside  plating  by 
short  fore-and-aft  angle  bars. 
In  some  vessels  the  ends  of  each 
are  secured  by  vertical  angle 
bars  to  the  floors. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


47 


Intercostal  plates.  Short  plates 
fitted  vertically  between  the 
floors  as  intercostal  keelsons,  or 
horizontally  between  the  frames 
to  form  an  intercostal  stringer; 
named  after  the  keelsons  or 
stringers  which  they  form.  See 
Plate  XXII. 

Intercostal  stringer.  A  range  of 
plates  fitted  horizontally  be- 
tween the  frames,  having  its  in- 
ner part  connected  to  a  bar 
stringer  and  its  outer  edge  fas- 
tened to  the  outside  plating  by 
short  angle  bars  extending  from 
frame  to  frame. 

Intercostals.  Short  plates  set  be- 
tween other  members  and  riv- 
eted to  them,  the  plates  being  in 
line  and  forming  one  continu- 
ous member.  See  Plate  III. 

Intermediate  beams.  Beams  placed 
between  deck  beams,  if  the  spac- 
ing of  the  latter  is  unusually  large. 

Intermediate  connecting  rod,  in- 
termediate -  pressure  cylinder 
connecting  rod.  A  rod  connecting 
the  piston  rod  of  an  intermediate- 
pressure  cylinder  with  the  crank- 
shaft. 

Intermediate  cylinder,  intermedi- 
ate-pressure cylinder.  The  cyl- 
inder between  the  high-  and  low- 
pressure  cylinders  in  a  triple-ex- 
pansion or  quadruple-expansion 
engine. 

Intermediate  cylinder  cover.  The 
cover  of  intermediate  cylinder. 
See  Plate  XXXIX. 

Intermediate  frames.  Those  frames 
in  a  cellular  double  bottom  to 


which  no  floor  plates  are  con- 
nected. 

Intermediate  pinion.  The  second 
pinion  in  a  two-stage  reduction 
gear.  It  is  mounted  on  a  shaft 
with  the  intermediate  gear  and 
drives  the  main  gear.  See 
Plate  XLV. 

Intermediate  piston  rod.  The  rod 
connected  to  an  intermediate- 
pressure  piston. 

Internal  feed  pipe.  A  pipe  lead- 
ing from  the  feed  valve  to  the 
interior  of  a  boiler,  for  con- 
veying feed  water  to  a  place 
where  it  is  taken  up  by  a  vol- 
ume of  warmed  water  to  pre- 
vent contact  of  cold  water  with 
the  heated  parts  of  the  boiler. 

Internal  steam  pipe.  A  perforated 
pipe,  situated  in  the  steam  space 
of  a  boiler  below  the  main 
steam  valve,  to  separate  any 
water  raised  with  and  held  in 
suspension  by  the  steam,  which 
when  so  drained  passes  through 
the  steam  valve  into  the  main 
steam  pipe. 

Isherwood  system.  See  Appendix 
VI. 

Jack.  A  name  applied  to  various 
spars,  sails,  ropes,  etc. 

Jack  (in  flags).     See  Union  Jack. 

Jackrod.  A  pipe,  rod,  or  rope  to 
which  awnings  are  laced. 

Jackstaff.  A  flagstaff  at  the  bow 
of  a  ship. 

Jacket  gauge.  A  gauge  attached 
to  the  steam  jacket  of  a  cylin- 
der, to  ascertain  the  pressure  of 
steam  in  same. 


48 

Jacket  steam  pipe.  A  branch  pipe 
leading  steam  from  the  main 
pipe  to  the  interior  of  a  steam 
jacket. 

Jackstays.  Light  iron  bars  passed 
through  eyebolts,  connected 
about  every  foot  to  the  upper 
part  of  a  yard,  or  on  the  back 
of  a  lower  mast.  To  these  stays 
the  head  ropes  of  sails  are 
fastened. 

Jacob's  ladder.  A  flexible  ladder 
made  of  rope;  has  wood  rungs. 
See  Plate  LVII. 

Jam  hammer.  A  special  type  of 
holding  -  on  hammer  used  in 
heavy  riveting.  See  Plate  LV. 

Jaw.  The  crutch  or  hollowed 
semicircular  projection  on  the 
inner  end  of  a  boom  or  gaff, 
loosely  clasping  a  mast  so  as 
to  permit  of  such  boom  or  gaff 
being  raised  or  lowered  on  the 
mast. 

Jet  condenser.     See  Condenser. 

Jetsam,  jettison.  Portions  of  a 
vessel's  cargo  thrown  overboard 
for  the  purpose  of  lightening. 

Jewel  block.  A  block  fixed  under 
a  yardarm,  through  which  a 
studding-sail  halliard  is  rove. 

Jib.  A  triangular  sail  carried  on 
a  stay  extending  from  the  fore- 
mast head  or  fore  topmast  to  the 
jib-boom. 

Jigger.  A  small  spar  or  an  extra 
mast.  The  fifth  mast  in  a  five- 
masted  schooner  is  the  jigger 
mast. 

Joggle.  To  bend  plates  and  frames 
to  fit  other  work,  without  liners. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Jogging,  foggle.  To  offset  a 
plate  or  shape  to  save  the  use 
of  liners. 

Joggled  frame.  A  frame  offset 
to  permit  the  shell  plating  o>r 
planking  fitting  tight  to  the  frame 
without  the  use  of  liners. 

Jolly  boat.  Name  given  to  a  ship's 
boat  of  small  size,  as  a 
"  dingy." 

Journal.  The  portion  of  a  shaft, 
axle,  etc.,  which  revolves  in  or 
upon  some  support,  as  a  cross- 
head  journal,  lever  journal. 

Jump.  To  put  two  planks  or 
plates  of  iron  together  in  such 
a  manner  that  they  will  present 
a  smooth  surface. 

Jury  mast.  A  temporary  mast; 
one  erected  in  a  new  vessel  to 
take  her  where  she  is  to  be 
masted,  or  taking  the  place  of 
a  permanent  mast  carried  away. 

Jury  rudder.  A  temporary  or  sub- 
stitute rudder,  or  any  apparatus 
used  to  steer  a  vessel  in  place 
of  a  rudder. 

Kedge,  kedge  anchor.  A  small 
anchor  carried  by  large  vessels 
for  use  in  shallow  water,  or  for 
keeping  the  main  anchor  clear. 
It  may  be  used  for  similar  pur- 
poses as  a  stream  anchor,  the 
difference  being  that  a  stream 
anchor  is  used  for  heavy  and  a 
kedge  for  lighter  operations. 

Keel.  The  backbone  of  a  vessel; 
in  wooden  ships,  composed  of 
great  lengths  of  timber,  connected 
to  each  other  by  scarphs;  in  steel 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


49 


ships,  generally  a  continuous 
range  of  plates  from  stem  to 
stern. 

Keel,  even;  keel,  uneven.  Terms 
used  in  expressing  the  manner 
in  which  a  boat  floats.  If  she 
balances  evenly  in  a  fore-and- 
aft  direction,  she  is  on  an  even 
keel;  if  depressed  either  by  the 
head  o>r  the  stern,  she  is  on  an 
uneven  keel. 

Keel,  bar.  A  keel  formed  by  a  bar. 
The  garboard  strake  is  flanged 
and  riveted  to  it  and  it  usually 
extends  below  the  line  of  bottom 
plating. 

Ke-el  blocks.  Heavy  blocks  on 
which  a  ship  rests  during 
construction. 

Keel,  docking.     See  Bilge  keel. 

Keel  piece.  The  piece  of  keel 
forming  one  forging  with  the 
sternpost  of  a  sailing  vessel, 
paddle,  or  twin-screw  steamer, 
or  forging  with  a  stern  frame, 
extending  from  the  propeller 
post  forward. 

Keel  plate.  A  plate  forming  part 
of  a  flat  plate  keel;  also,  the 
range  of  plates  fitted  at  the  mid- 
dle line  and  extending  fore  and 
aft  under  the  frames  and  floors, 
in  a  composite  ship. 

Keel  rabbet.  The  groove  on  each 
side  of  the  keel,  into  which  the 
lower  edge  of  the  garboard 
strake  is  inserted  (in  wooden 
ships). 

Keel  rivet.  A  rivet  driven  through 
the  lower  part  of  the  garboard 
strakes  and  the  keel. 


Keel  rope.  A  rope  running  be- 
tween the  keelson  and  the  keel 
of  a  ship,  to  clear  the  limber 
holes  when  they  are  choked  up 
with  ballast. 

Keel  scarph.  Any  scarph  made, 
either  vertically  or  horizontally, 
in  a  keel. 

Keelson  (in  wood  ships).  A  ver- 
tical addition  to  the  keel  inside  the 
boat  running  the  full  length  of 
the  ship.  It  rests  upon  the  keel 
and  is  an  indispensable  member, 
taking  the  stepping  of  the  mast, 
and  serves  to  secure  the  feet  of 
the  timbers  on  each  side  of  it 
(in  steel  ships).  A  longitudinal 
member  of  the  framing.  It  may 
be  intercostal  or  continuous, 
flat  or  vertical.  A  center,  side, 
or  bilge  keelson.  Whatever  its 
form  or  position,  its  purpose  is 
always  to  give  longitudinal 
strength.  See  Plate  XIX. 

Keelson  angle  bar.  Any  angle 
bar  used  in  the  construction  of 
a  keelson. 

Keelson  casing.  A  wooden  en- 
velope over  the  keelson  to  keep 
the  salt  in  place,  when  a  keel- 
son has  been  salted  to  prevent 
dry-rot. 

Keelson  plate.  A  plate  forming 
a  part  of  any  kind  of  plate  keel- 
sons. 

Keelson  scarph.  The  tapering  of 
a  part  of  the  lap  joint  on  keelson 
plates  to  allow  the  angles  to  run 
straight. 

Keelson,  vertical.  A  keelson 
built  with  plates  set  vertically. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Kentledge.  Pig  iron  used  as  a 
permanent  ballast  in  a  vessel. 

King  post.  A  vertical  post  to  sup- 
port cargo  booms. 

Kingston  valve.  A  valve  of  con- 
ical form  having  a  threaded 
spindle,  fitted  against  a  vessel's 
side  in  communication  with  the 
sea,  serving  as  "  injection  valve  " 
or  "  blow-off  valve,"  notably  in 
wooden  vessels. 

Kink.  A  sharp  bend  in  a  rope, 
always  dangerous,  but  more 
especially  so  in  wire  roping. 

Knee.  An  angular  piece  of  timber, 
usually  a  natural  crook,  used  to 
strengthen  corners ;  sometimes 
made  of  iron  or  steel. 

Knightheads.  The  foremost 
frame  timbers  in  a  ship,  one 
being  placed  on  each  side  of  the 
stem,  and  in  many  vessels  ex- 
tending above  it.  In  steel  sail- 
ing ships  with  cutwater  stem, 
small  triangular  plates  that 
serve  as  frames  and  support 
bowsprit. 

Knot.  A  knotted  mark  on  a  log 
line;  also  designates  the  dis- 
tance between  any  two  marks 
in  a  common  log  line. 

Knot.     A  nautical  mile,  6,080.27  ft. 

Knuckle.  The  line  at  the  angle 
that  divides  the  upper  from  the 
lower  stern  or  counter  of  ellip- 
tical and  round  stern  vessels. 
See  Plate  XV. 

Knuckle  molding.  The  mold- 
ing that  covers  the  knuckle  line. 

Lacing.  A  line  by  which  a  stay- 
sail is  looslely  attached  to  a 


stay  so  that  it  can  be  hoisted 
or  lowered;  also,  a  line  rove 
through  eyelet  holes  in  a  gaff 
sail,  to  replace  "  reef  points " 
when  reefing  such  a  sail. 

Ladders.  Inclined  or  vertical  steps 
are  called  ladders  aboard  ship, 
taking  the  place  of  stairs. 

Lagging.  Material  used  for  cov- 
ering boilers,  etc.,  to  prevent 
loss  of  heat  by  radiation.  See 
Plate  XXXVIII. 

Land.  The  overlapping  part  of 
the  planks  in  a  clincher-built 
boat. 

Land  boards.  Boards  on  deck 
near  hatches  to  receive  cargo 
and  protect  deck. 

Landing.  Distance  from  edge  of 
plate  or  heel  of  an  angle  to  center 
of  rivet  hole. 

Landing  edges  of  plating.  The 
edges  of  plates  overlapping  the 
edges  of  other  plates. 

Landing  place.  A  pier,  wharf,  or 
jetty  where  goods  or  passengers 
are  landed. 

Lanyard.  A  short  piece  of  rope, 
rove  through  deadeyes,  one 
fixed  to  the  upper  part  of  a 
chain  plate,  the  other  to  the 
lower  end  of  a  shroud,  back- 
stay, etc.,  to  connect  them  to 
each  other. 

Lanyards.  Short  pieces  of  rope, 
used  to  tighten  up  davit  guys, 
boat  lashing,  awnings,  etc. 

Lap.  The  portion  of  a  slide  valve 
overlapping  the  steam  port 
when  the  valve  is  at  its  half 
stroke. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Lapped  frames.  The  connection 
of  frame  angle  bars,  by  over- 
lapping their  ends. 

Lapped  joints.  Joints  in  which 
the  material  laps  over  at  the 
connection. 

Laps.  The  distance  that  one  plate 
lays  over  on  another  in  a  lap 
joint. 

Lapstrake.  The  method  of  boat 
building  called  clincher  building 
in  which  the  strakes  overlap. 
Same  as  clinker  built. 

Launch,  longboat.  The  largest 
boat  on  board  of  a  ship,  usually 
having  a  square  stern,  used  for 
bringing  out  anchors  and  chain 
cables,  for  assistance  in  float- 
ing a  vessel  when  aground;  and 
for  provisions,  etc. 

Launching.  The  process  of  sliding 
a  boat  from  the  building  berth 
into  the  water.  See  Plate  XVII. 

Launching  cradle.  The  frame- 
work of  timber  on  which  the  ves- 
sel rests  when  she  is  launched. 
See  Plate  XVI. 

Laying  off.  Placing  working  di- 
rections on  material,  such  as  lo- 
cation of  holes,  lines,  and  the 
nature  of  the  operation  to  be 
performed. 

Laying  out.  A  mold  loft  or  draw- 
ing room  operation,  putting 
down  lines  on  the  floor  or  paper 
which  show  the  shape  of  the 
ship's  parts. 

Lazy  guy.  A  rope  or  tackle  by 
which  a  boom  is  held  down  so 
that  it  may  not  swing  about  in 
rough  weather. 


Lead.  A  leaden  weight  attached 
to  the  end  of  a  line  and  used  to 
ascertain  the  depth  of  water 
beneath  a  vessel  and  the  nature 
of  the  soil. 

Leadfair.  Any  ring  or  block  or 
hole  which  leads  a  rope  in  the 
direction  required. 

Leak.  Any  split,  hole,  or  fissure 
in  the  hull  of  a  vessel  which 
allows  water  to  enter. 

Ledge  bars.  Bars  used  to  support 
the  hatch  covers. 

Lee  side.  The  side  opposite  to 
that  against  which  the  wind 
blows. 

Leeway.  The  deviation  of  a  ves- 
sel from  her  steered  course, 
caused  by  the  action  of  the 
wind  and  waves. 

Length  over  all.  The  entire  length 
of  the  ship  from  stem  to  stern. 

Length  (of  a  vessel).  The  dis- 
tance from  the  fore  side  of  the 
stem  to  the  after  side  of  the 
sternpost,  over  or  in  a  line  with 
the  upper  deck. 

Length  of  chain  cable.  The  por- 
tion of  chain  between  two  join- 
ing shackles,  usually  15  fathoms. 

Lengthening  (of  a  ship).  The  ves- 
sel is  cut  through  at  her  half 
length;  the  two  portions  are  next 
separated  the  required  distance 
from  each  other,  and  the  inter- 
vening space  is  then  fitted  up  with 
frames,  plating,  or  planking,  etc., 
properly  uniting  the  former  halves 
of  the  vessel. 

Levee.  The  embankment  along 
a  river  side,  constructed  to  pre- 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


vent  inundation  of  the  adjacent 
land. 

Lever.  A  bar  of  metal  or  other 
substance  turning  freely  on  a 
support  called  the  fulcrum  or 
prop.  Used  to  impart  pressure 
or  motion  from  a  source  of 
power  to  a  resistance. 

Lewis  bolts.  A  maze-shaped  bolt 
fastened  in  a  socket  by  pour- 
ing in  melted  lead. 

Life  buoy.  An  apparatus  suffi- 
ciently buoyant  to  support  a  per- 
son in  the  water. 

Lift,  to  (v.).  To  make  a  template 
on  a  ship  or  from  some  part  of 
a  ship  by  fitting  it  to  the  place 
where  the  shape  or  plate  the 
template  is  for  is  going  to  be 
placed. 

Lifts.  Ropes  extending  from 
a  masthead  to  the  yardarms 
serving  as  a  support. 

Lifting  gear,  hoisting  gear. 
Tackles,  screws,  etc.,  employed 
in  an  engine  room,  for  lifting 
cylinder  cover,  crankshafts,  and 
various  other  heavy  parts  of  the 
engine.  See  Plate  XLI. 

Lightening.  To  lighten  a  vessel 
by  discharging  into  lighters, 
etc.,  some  of  the  cargo  for  the 
purpose  of  lessening  her 
draft. 

Lightening  holes.  Holes  cut  in 
plates  to  reduce  weight  and  to 
provide  means  of  access.  See 
Plate  XX. 

Lighter.  A  large-sized  craft,  used 
for  the  purpose  of  lightening  a 
vessel,  when  grounded,  or  for 
bringing  cargo  alongside. 


Light  screens,  side-light  screens. 
Two  open  casings  of  wood  or 
iron  placed  one  on  each  side 
to  hold  the  sidelights  and  so 
placed  that  the  lights  are  not 
seen  across  the  bow. 

Light  water  line.  The  line  of 
immersion,  when  a  ship  is 
light;  i.e.,  when  having  no 
cargo  or  ballast  on  board. 

Limber  chain,  limber  clearer.  A 
chain  rove  through  the  limber 
holes.  By  moving  it  from  time 
to  time  it  prevents  the  water- 
course getting  choked. 

Limber  holes.  The  apertures  for 
the  passage  of  water  in  floors. 

Limbers,  watercourses.  In  wooden 
vessels,  gutters  or  channels  upon 
the  floors,  one  o>n  each  side  of 
the  keelson. 

Limber  strake.  The  strake  of  in- 
side planking  nearest  to  the 
keelson. 

Linchpin.  A  small  iron  pin  pass- 
ing through  some  shaft,  axle,  or 
bar,  such  as  the  stock  of  an 
anchor,  sometimes  called  a 
forelock. 

Line.  Thin  cord,  as  a  marline,  a 
log  line,  lead  line,  ratline,  etc. 

Liner,  lining  piece.  A  piece  of 
metal  used  as  a  filling  piece, 
called  by  structural  steel  work- 
ers a  filler.  See  Plate  LIX. 

Liners.  Short  bars  filling  spaces 
between  plates  and  shapes. 

Lines  (on  a  drawing)  Principal 
lines  of  a  drawing  are  as 
follows: 

A.     Base  line.     A  horizontal 
reference   line   from    which 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


S3 


vertical    measurements    are 
taken. 

B.  Buttock  line.     A  vertical 
line  on  the  body  plan  par- 
allel  with   the    center   line; 
a  horizontal  line  in  the  half- 
breadth  plan  parallel  to  the 
center  line;  a  curved  line  in 
the  sheer  plan. 

C.  Center  line.     A   vertical 
line    in    the    center    of    the 
body  plan  perpendicular  to 
the  base  line;   a  horizontal 
line  in  the  half-breadth  plan 
through   the   center   of   the 
ship. 

D.  Diagonals.   Lines  running 
diagonally  from  center  line 
to  frame  lines. 

E.  Frame    lines.      Outlines 
showing  shape  of  frame  of 
vessel. 

F.  Water  lines.     Horizontal 
lines    parallel    to    the    base 
line  in  the  body  plan;  hor- 
izontal lines  parallel  to  the 
base  line  in  the  sheer  plan; 
curved    lines    in    the    half- 
breadth  plan. 

Lines  (on  a  ship).  Wires,  cords, 
or  chalk  lines  from  which 
measurements  are  taken. 

A.  Center  line.     A  line  run- 
ning fore  and  aft  dividing  the 
ship  into  two  equal  parts. 

B.  Base  line.     A   reference 
line    for    vertical    measure- 
ments   at    right    angles    to 
vertical  center  lines. 

C.  Grade  line.     A  reference 
line  established  on  a  fixed 
slope  or  level. 


D.    Check  line.    An  auxiliary 

reference  line. 

Linesman.  A  skilled  loftsman 
who  does  especially  difficult 
work. 

Lines  plan.  A  drawing  showing 
general  outline  or  form  of 
the  ship.  The  lines  plan 
comprises  these  plans: 

A.  Sheer  plan.    A  side  view 
showing  length  of  ship  and 
heights  of  parts  from  keel. 

B.  Half-breadth  plan.    A  top 
view  showing  a  horizontal 
or  floor  plan  on  any  water 
line. 

C.  Body  plan.    An  end  view 
showing  curves  of  the  sides 
or  frame  lines  at  any  point 
in  the  ship.  Frame  lines  for- 
ward of  midships  section  are 
on  the  right  of  the  center 
line;  aft  of  midships  section, 
on  the  left  of  center  line. 

Lining.  The  boards  by  which 
frames,  deck  beams,  etc.,  in  cab- 
ins, crew  spaces,  messrooms, 
etc.,  are  covered  or  lined. 

Link.  Any  intermediate  piece  of 
machinery  receiving  and  trans- 
mitting power  from  one  part  of 
an  engine  to  another. 

Link  block,  die.  A  short  piece  of 
metal  in  connection  with  a 
valve  rod,  and  sliding  in  a  slot 
link. 

Link  brasses.  Brasses  fitted  to  the 
top  and  bottom  ends  of  links. 

Link  motion.  A  contrivance,  con- 
sisting of  the  eccentric  sheaves 
and  rods  and  a  link,  in  commu- 
nication with  the  slide  valve 


54 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


rod,  to  reverse  the  motion  of  an 
engine  or  cut  off  steam  at  any 
desired  point. 

Lip  of  a  scarph.  The  shaped  end 
of  a  piece  of  timber  required  for 
a  scarph. 

List.  When  one  side  of  a  vessel 
lies  deeper  in  the  water  than  the 
opposite  side,  caused  by  the  shift- 
ing of  cargo,  etc. 

Lizard.  An  iron  ring  spliced  into 
a  rope  end,  usually  called  a  thim- 
ble or  eye. 

Load  line.  The  surface  line  of  the 
water  along  a  vessel's  side  when 
fully  laden. 

Lock  bolts.  Bolts  or  studs,  by 
which  a  guard  ring,  etc.,  is 
secured. 

Lock  chambers.  The  span  enclosed 
by  the  sides  and  gates  of  a  canal. 

Locker.  A  closet,  cupboard,  or 
any  small  room  built  for  stor- 
ing tools,  supplies,  etc. 

Loft.     See  Mold  loft. 

Loftsman.  A  man  who  lays  out 
and  makes  'molds  for  a  ship. 

Log.  The  apparatus  by  means  of 
which  the  speed  of  a  vessel  is 
ascertained. 

Longitudinal.  Parallel  to  the  keel, 
fore  and  aft.  A  bulkhead,  frame, 
or  stiffener,  etc.,  is  so  called  when 
it  runs  fore  and  aft. 

Long  splice  The  union  of  ends 
of  rope  when  the  strands  are 
separated  and  laid  together  for 
a  long  distance. 

Lookout  bridge.  An  elevation 
above  an  upper  deck,  serving  as 
a  standing  place  for  the  look- 
out man 


Lower  deck.  The  second  deck 
from  above  in  two-deck  vessels 
and  the  third  from  above  in  all 
ships  having  three  or  four 
decks. 

Lower  rigging.  The  rigging  of  the 
lower  masts  and  their  yards. 

Low-pressure  boiler.  A  boiler 
adapted  for  steam  pressure  not 
exceeding  90  pounds  per  square 
inch. 

Lugpad.  A  plate  with  a  projecting 
lug,  the  lug  having  a  hole  adapted 
for  receiving  the  hook  of  a  lead 
block,  etc.  The  plate  may  be 
riveted  to  deck  or  shell  plating, 
etc. 

Lugsail.  A  triangular  sail  used  in 
boats  and  other  small  craft. 

Main  beam.  The  beam  placed  at 
the  greatest  breadth  of  a  ship. 

Main  bearing.  A  bearing  for  the 
main,  line  shaft. 

Main  bearing  brasses.  The  brasses 
in  which  the  main  shaft  works. 

Main  bearing  journals.  Journals 
turned  up  on  main  shafting  to 
take  main  bearings. 

Main  body.  The  hull,  exclusive  of 
any  erection  upon  it,  such  as  a 
bridge  house,  forecastle,  poop, 
etc. 

Main  body  frames,  main  frames. 
Frames  below  the  main  deck 
of  a  vessel.  In  vessels  with 
three  or  more  decks  it  is  not  the 
practice  to  keep  the  side  fram- 
ing as  heavy  above  the  second 
deck  as  it  is  necessary  to  be 
below. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


ss 


Main  bulwark.  The  bulwark  fitted 
round  the  upper  deck,  or 
weather  deck. 

Main  check  valve.  A  valve,  usu- 
ally fitted  on  the  back  end  plate 
of  a  boiler,  to  regulate  the 
passage  of  feed  water  supplied 
by  the  feed  pump. 

Main  deck.  The  principal  strength 
deck  in  a  ship.  In  two-deck  ves- 
sels the  upper  deck  is  usually 
the  main  deck;  in  ships  having 
more  than  two  decks,  it  is  the 
deck  at  the  end  of  the  full 
frames. 

Main  deck  sheerstrake,  main 
sheerstrake.  The  strake  of  out- 
side plating  level  with  the  main 
deck. 

Main  deck  stringer  angle  bar. 
Any  angle  bar  connecting  the 
said  stringer  with  the  main 
sheerstrake  or  with  the  frames. 

Main  deck  stringer  inner  angle 
bar.  An  angle  bar  forming  inner 
side  of  waterway. 

Main  deck  stringer  outer  angle 
bar.  An  angle  bar  connecting 
main  deck  stringer  to  shell 
plating. 

Main  deck  waterway.  The  chan- 
nel along  the  edge  of  the  main 
deck  to  lead  water  to  the 
scuppers. 

Main  engine.  The  engine  that 
propels  a  vessel;  i.e.,  in  distinc- 
tion to  auxiliary  engine. 

Main  exhaust.  The  steam  connec- 
tion from  engine  to  atmosphere. 

Main  feed  pipe.  The  pipe  leading 
water  supplied  by  the  feed  pump 
from  the  hotwell  to  the  boilers. 


Main  floor.  The  one  placed  at  the 
greatest  breadth  of  the  ship. 

Main  frame.  The  one  placed  at 
the  greatest  breadth  of  the 
ship. 

Main  hold.  The  largest  lower 
cargo  compartment  in  a 
steamer. 

Main  keel.  The  upper  range  of 
pieces  when  the  keel  is  con- 
structed of  two  heights  of 
timber. 

Main  keelson,  middle  line  keelson, 
center  line  keelson.  The  prin- 
cipal keelson  in  a  ship,  and 
placed  at  the  center  line. 

Mainmast.  The  principal  mast 
of  a  vessel;  the  second  mast 
counting  from  the  bow  to  the 
stern. 

Main  rail.  The  one  fitted  on  the 
upper  edge  of  the  bulwark  plat- 
ing, or  upon  stanchions  sur- 
rounding an  upper  deck,  if  no 
bulwark  plating  is  used. 

Mainsail.  The  principal  sail  to 
the  mainmast. 

Main  shrouds.  Shrouds  supporting 
the  mainmast. 

Main  topgallant  mast.  The  mast 
next  above  the  mainmast  on  a 
square-rigged  vessel. 

Main  topmast.  A  mast  next 
above  the  main  topgallant  mast 
on  a  vessel  square  rigged,  while 
on  a  fore-and-aft  rigged  vessel 
it  is  the  mast  next  above  the 
mainmast. 

Manhole.  A  round  or  oval  aper- 
ture in  the  top  of  a  double 
bottom  or  a  water  ballast  tank, 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


also  in  the  girders  of  double 
bottoms,  steam  boilers,  etc.,  to 
give  access  for  the  inspection, 
etc.,  of  such  reservoirs. 

Manhole  cover,  manhole  door. 
A  lid  by  which  a  manhole  is 
closed. 

Manger  plate.  A  plate  set  on  edge 
on  a  deck  so  as  to  throw  water 
to  the  side.  On  trawlers  a  series 
of  such  plates  form  bins  to  hold 
fish.  See  Plate  XIV. 

Manila.  A  valuable  cordage  made 
in  the  Philippines,  which  not 
being  subject  to  rot  does  not 
have  to  be  tarred. 

Manila  rope.  Rope  made  from  the 
fibers  of  plants  growing  in  the 
Philippines. 

Man-of-war.  A  vessel  of  the  first 
class  belonging  to  a  navy. 

Margin  bracket.  A  bracket  join- 
ing margin  plate  to  side  frames. 
See  Plate  XXIV. 

Margin  plank.  A  plank  forming 
a  boundary,  as  the  deck  plank 
nearest  a  waterway. 

Margin  plate.  A  plate  joining  tank 
top  to  shell  plating.  See  Plates 
IX  and  XXII. 

Marine  engine.  An  engine  espe- 
cially designed  for  propelling 
vessels. 

Marker.  A  brass  pipe  dipped  in 
paint  for  marking  rivet  holes. 

Marking  hammer.  A  tool  for 
marking  rivet  holes  on  a  tem- 
plate with  paint. 

Marline.  Thin  line  about  y%  inch 
in  diameter,  made  up  of  two  fine 
yarns  twisted  together,  used  as 
serving  round  boltropes,  etc. 


Marline  hitch.  A  hitch  or  knot 
made  by  riggers,  for  hauling 
small  lines  tight.  See  Plate 
LVI. 

Marling.  To  wind  any  small  line, 
as  marline,  spunline,  etc.,  round 
a  rope  in  such  a  manner  that 
every  turn  it  takes  is  secured  by 
a  sort  of  knot. 

Marling  spike.  A  short  round  bar 
of  iroa  or  wood,  pointed  at  one 
end,  used  in  splicing  ropes,  put- 
ting on  sizing,  etc.  See  Plate 
XXXVI. 

Marry.  To  join  one  rope  to  an- 
other in  such  a  manner  that  the 
joint  may  be  received  through  a 
block  (splicing  rope). 

Martingale.  The  rope  extending 
from  a  jib-boom  end  downwards 
to  a  dolphin  striker,  to  stay  the 
jib-boom  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  bobstays  stay  bowsprit. 

Mast.  A  long  piece,  or  system  of 
pieces,  of  timber1  placed  nearly 
perpendicularly  to  the  keelson 
of  a  vessel  to  support  the  spars, 
and  gear,  by  which  the  sails  are 
set.  In  modern  practice,  steel 
masts  are  built  by  riveting  rolled 
plates  together. 

Mast  plate.  A  plate  used  in  the 
construction  of  an  iron  or  steel 
mast. 

Mast  partner  plate.  A  plate  round 
a  masthole,  forming  a  mast 
partner,  or  a  portion  of  one. 

Mast  room.  The  space  round  a 
mast  between  the  mast  beams. 

Mast  rope.  A  rope  used  for  send- 
ing up  and  down  a  topmast,  top- 
gallant mast  or  royal  mast. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


57 


Mast  trunk,  tabernacle.  A  well 
for  a  mast  that  is  taken  down 
frequently,  as  on  boats  passing 
under  low  bridges. 

Mast  wedges.  Wedges  driven 
around  a  mast  in  a  masthole,  to 
tighten  a  mast  in  a  deck. 

Maul.    A  large  iron  hammer. 

Matthew  Walker's  knot.  A  stop- 
per knot.  It  is  formed  by  a  half 
hitch  on  each  strand. 

Measurement.  The  ascertaining 
of  the  cubical  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel, or  any  of  her  compartments 
or  superstructures. 

Medium-pressure  boiler.  A  boiler 
of  suitable  strength  for  a  pres- 
sure of  steam,  say,  from  45  to  75 
pounds  per  square  inch. 

Medium-pressure  engine.  An  en- 
gine working  with  a  steam  pres- 
sure between  3  and  5  atmospheres, 
say,  from  45  to  75  pounds  per 
square  inch. 

Messenger.  A  rope  or  chain  used 
for  heaving  a  chain  cable  in- 
board; a  rope  for  connecting 
halliards,  sheets,  etc.,  to  a  winch. 

Messenger  wheels.  Wheels  for  the 
use  of  a  messenger,  fitted  one  to 
a  windlass  and  the  other  to  a 
steam  winch. 

Metacenter.  That  point  in  a  float- 
ing body  upon  the  position  of 
which  the  stability  of  the  body 
depends. 

Metallic  packing.  Metal  rings 
used  as  packing  in  cylinders, 
stuffing  boxes,  etc. 

Metallic  piston.  A  piston  having 
metallic  packing. 


Middle  line.  A  term  used  instead 
of  center  line  in  speaking  of 
bulkheads,  keelsons,  etc. 

Middle  line  pillar.  Any  deck  or 
hold  pillar  fitted  at  the  half 
breadth  of  a  vessel. 

Midship  deep  tank.  A  deep  tank 
fitted  about  midway  between  the 
stem  and  sternpost. 

Midship  floor.  The  floor  fitted  at 
the  half  length  of  a  vessel. 

Midship  frame.  The  frame  at  the 
half  length  of  a  vessel. 

Midships.  The  middle  portion  of 
a  vessel. 

Midship  section.  The  surface  pre- 
sented to  view  by  a  vesesl  if  cut 
through  the  middle  transversely. 

Miter  wheel.   See  Bevel  wheel. 

Mixed  steam.  The  blending  of 
saturated  steam  with  super- 
heated steam;  the  result  being 
saturated  steam  so  far  dried  that 
only  a  slight  trace  of  water 
remains. 

Mizzen  mast.  The  third  mast  in 
any  vessel  having  three  or  more 
masts. 

Mizzen  sails.  The  sails  carried  on 
a  mizzen  mast. 

Mizzen  shrouds.  The  shrouds  on 
a  mizzen  mast. 

Mizzen  staysail.  The  sail  between 
the  main  and  mizzen  masts. 

Mizzen  topgallant  mast.  The  mast 
above  the  mizzen  mast  on  a 
square-rigged  ship. 

Mizzen  topgallant  staysail.  The 
staysail  between  the  main  and 
mizzen  topgallant  mast. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Mizzen  topmast.  The  mast  next 
above  the  mizzen  mast  when  it 
is  rigged  fore  and  aft. 

Mold.  To  draw  out  in  their 
proper  dimensions  the  several 
parts  of  a  ship,  for  the  guid- 
ance of  the  builder. 

Molded  breadth.  The  breadth  from 
outside  to  outside  of  the  frames, 
i.e.,  exclusive  of  the  outside 
planking  or  plating. 

Molded  depth.  The  depth,  meas- 
ured amidships,  from  the  top  of 
the  keel  to  the  top  of  the  upper 
deck  beams,  less  the  "  round  of 
beam." 

Mold  loft.  A  room  with  a  floor 
large  enough  to  permit  the 
drawing  to  full  scale  of  the  lines 
of  a  ship.  See  Plate  LII. 

Molding.  Battens  and  sculpture 
of  wood  or  metal,  used  for  fash- 
ioning or  ornamenting. 

Molding  of  a  beam.  The  beam's 
perpendicular  dimension. 

Molding  of  a  floor.  The  depth  of 
a  floor;  in  small  vessels,  from  10 
to  12  inches ;  in  very  large  ships, 
from  3  to  4  ft.,  or  more. 

Molding  of  a  frame.  The  meas- 
urement, in  inches,  athwart- 
ships. 

Molding  of  a  keel.  The  perpendic- 
ular measurement  of  a  keel. 

Molding  of  a  keelson.  The  depth 
of  a  keelson. 

Molding  of  a  stem.  The  fore-and- 
aft  dimension. 

Molding  of  a  sternpost.  The  di- 
mension, fore  and  aft. 

Monkey  forecastle.  A  forecastle 
of  small  height  and  length,  the 


deck  being  used  for  the  placing 
and  securing  of  the  bower  an- 
chors, when  inboard. 

Monkey  gaff.  A  gaff  of  small  size 
extended  from  the  mizzen  top- 
mast crosstrees,  etc.,  and  used 
for  hoisting  the  ensign  on. 

Monkey  rail,  topgallant  rail.  A 
rail  fitted  on  topgallant  bulwark 
stanchions  above  a  main  rail. 

Mooring.  To  make  a  vessel  sta- 
tionary by  anchoring  if  in  a  bay 
or  river;  if  alongside  a  quay  or 
wharf,  by  fastening  her  with 
chains  or  hawsers. 

Mooring  bitts.  The  bitts  to  which 
cables  or  chains  are  attached  in 
mooring  a  vessel. 

Mooring  pipe.  A  round  or  oval 
opening  in  the  bulwark  of  a  ves- 
sel, framed  with  a  cast-iron  rim 
or  collar,  used  for  passing  the 
mooring  chains  through. 

Moorings.  The  chains,  hawsers, 
warps,  etc.,  by  which  a  vessel 
is  moored. 

Mountings.  The  fittings  on  any- 
thing, for  instance,  "  boiler- 
mounting";  comprises  all  the 
valves,  cocks,  gauges,  etc.,  on 
a  boiler. 

Mouse  a  hook,  to.  To  pass  a  yarn 
or  wire  round  a  hook  to  prevent 
it  from  clearing  itself  of  what- 
ever it  may  be  fastened  to.  See 
Plate  LVII. 

Movable  pillar.  A  pillar  which  can 
be  easily  shifted. 

Movable  propeller  blades.  Blades 
bolted  to  a  propeller  boss  so 
they  may  be  renewed. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


59 


Mudbox.  A  cast-iron  box  with 
a  perforated  plate,  usually  just 
below  the  engine  room  plat- 
form, serving  to  prevent  dirt, 
ashes,  etc.,  entering  the  suction 
pipe  of  a  pump. 

Mudhole.  An  opening  through 
which  to  discharge  mud  from 
the  bottom  of  a  boiler. 

Muntz  metal.  A  yellow  metal 
alloy,  3  parts  copper,  2  of  zinc, 
malleable  when  hot;  cheaper  and 
can  be  more  easily  welded  than 
copper. 

Mushroom  ventilator.  A  short 
cast-iron  tube  having  a  movable 
iron  rod  passing  through  its 
center.  On  top  of  the  rod  is 
fixed  a  round  metal  cup,  which 
may  be  lifted  to  admit  air  or 
closed  to  prevent  water  enter- 
ing the  tube,  usually  fitted  over 
cabins. 

Mushroom  anchor.  An  anchor 
with  a  saucer-shaped  head; 
needs  no  beam,  and  has  great 
holding  power  on  soft  bottoms. 

Nautical  mile.  The  6oth  part  of  an 
equatorial  degree,  equal  to  about 
6,080  English  feet;  therefore  6 
nautical  miles  represent  7  Eng- 
lish miles,  approximately. 

Naval  architecture.  The  science 
of  designing  vessels. 

Naval  hoods,  hawse  bolters.  Large 
pieces  of  thick  timber  above  and 
below  the  hawse  holes. 

Navigation  bridge.  The  bridge 
used  for  taking  observations,  or 
handling  the  ship  in  the  more 


difficult  situations.  See  Plate 
XVIII. 

Neap  tides.  The  lowest  tides, 
taking  place  about  5  or  6  days 
before  the  new  moon  and  full 
moon. 

Netting.  Nets  of  rope,  placed  at 
various  parts  of  the  ship,  either 
for  stowage  or  for  protection 
against  danger. 

Net  tonnage.  The  exact  tonnage 
available  for  cargo  after  deduct- 
ing for  stores  and  supplies. 

New  measurement.  The  new 
rules  for  measuring  the  capacity 
of  a  vessel's  interior.  The  cus- 
toms authorities  of  nearly  all 
nations  allow  100  cubic  feet,  Eng- 
lish, to  equal  one  ton.  The  old 
rules  used  40  cubic  feet  as  equal 
to  a  ton. 

Non  -  condensing  engine.  Any 
steam  engine  in  which  the 
steam,  after  its  use  in  the  cylin- 
ders, passes  directly  into  the  at- 
mosphere. 

Non-return  valve.  Any  self-act- 
ing valve  admitting  the  entry 
of  water,  etc.,  but  preventing 
its  outflow,  or  vice  versa. 

Nut  of  propeller  shaft.  A  nut  fit- 
ted on  the  extreme  after  end  of 
a  propeller  shaft  to  prevent  the 
propeller  starting  on  the  shaft. 

Nuts  of  propeller  studs.  Nuts 
fitted  on  the  studs  inserted  in 
a  propeller  boss,  by  which  the 
flanges  of  movable  propeller 
blades  are  securely  fixed. 

Oakum.  The  substance  to  which 
old  ropes  are  reduced  when  un- 


6o 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


picked;  used  in  caulking  the 
seams  of  boats,  stopping  leaks, 
etc. 

Oars.  Long  light  spars  shaped 
at  one  end  to  form  a  blade,  and 
on  the  other  to  form  a  handle, 
used  in  propelling  a  boat  by 
hand. 

Offset.    See  Joggle. 

Oil  box,  oil  cup.  A  receptacle  on 
a  bearing,  etc.,  for  supplying  oil 
to  working  parts. 

Oil  cock.  A  cock  of  small  size  at- 
tached to  a  lubricator,  for  de- 
livering oil  to  a  cylinder. 

Oil  line.  Pipes  for  lubricating 
oil.  See  Plate  XLV. 

Oil  lubricating  pipe.  A  small  pipe 
leading  from  a  lubricator  to 
supply  oil  to  some  working  part 
of  an  engine. 

Oil  manifold.  A  manifold  lo- 
cated in  oiling  system.  See 
Plate  XLV. 

Oil  service  pump.  A  pump  to  cir- 
culate lubricating  oil.  See  Plate 
XL. 

Oil  service  tank.  A  tank  to  supply 
lubricating  oil.  See  Plate  XL. 

Oiltight.  Packed  or  caulked  to 
prevent  flow  or  waste  of  oil. 

Old  man.  A  form  of  heavy  drill- 
ing rig. 

Old  measurement.  The  rule  for- 
merly employed  in  England,  till 
superseded  by  the  new  rule,  for 
ascertaining  the  cubical  capac- 
ity of  a  vessel's  interior.  (Forty 
cubic  feet  equal  a  ton.) 

On  board.     On  or  in  a  ship. 

On  deck.  On  the  upper  deck;  "  on 
hand,"  "  on  duty,"  "  on  the  job." 


Open  bridge  house.  A  bridge 
house  not  enclosed  by  bulkheads 
at  each  end. 

Orlop  beams.  Hold  beams  fitted 
below  the  lower  deck  beams  in 
ships  having  three  complete 
decks. 

Orlop  beam  stringer,  orlop  beam 
plate.  A  stringer  plate  on  orlop 
beams. 

Orlop  deck.  The  lowermost  deck 
in  a  ship  having  four  decks. 

Orlop  deck  beams.  The  lower- 
most tier  of  deck  beams  in  any 
ship  having  four  complete  decks. 

Orlop  stringer.  A  range  of  plates 
fitted  horizontally  about  mid- 
way between  the  lower  deck  and 
the  bilge. 

Orlop  stringer  angle  bar.  An  an- 
gle bar  connecting  an  orolp 
stringer  plate  either  to  the  out- 
side plating  or  to  the  frames, 
or  fitted  on  its  inner  edge  for 
extra  strength. 

Outer  bearing.  The  bearing  on 
a  sponson  beam,  upon  which 
the  outer  end  of  a  paddle  shaft 
revolves. 

Outboard.  Outside  the  hull,  or 
beyond  the  gunwale;  as,  a  bow- 
sprit runs  outboard. 

Outer  bottom.  That  portion  of 
the  shell  plating  of  a  vessel 
forming  the  bottom.  See  Plate 
VIII. 

Outer  skin.  The  outside  plating 
or  planking  of  a  vessel. 

Outer  stringer  angle  bar.  Short 
angle  bars  fitted  between  the 
frames,  to  connect  the  outer 
edge  of  a  stringer  plate  to  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


6l 


outside  plating;  named  after  the 
stringers  to  which  they  are 
fitted. 

Outlet  cock.  Any  cock  used  to 
allow  the  outward  flow  of  water 
to  free  any  receptacle,  as  a  con- 
denser, etc. 

Outriggers.  Strong  battens  bolted 
upon  topmast  or  topgallant 
crosstrees,  for  giving  greater 
spread  to  topgallant  and  royal 
backstays. 

Outside  plating.  See  Shell  plat- 
ing. 

Outside  strake,  overlapping  strake. 
A  strake  of  plating  which  over- 
laps inside  strakes  with  its  upper 
and  lower  edges. 

Overhaul.  To  examine  or  inspect. 
One  vessel  is  said  to  overhaul 
another  when  gaining  on  her  in 
speed. 

To  overhaul  a  tackle.  To  pull  the 
blocks  further  apart,  giving 
slack  to  the  hauling  part  of  the 
fall. 

Overflow  pipe.  A  pipe  through 
which  any  excess  of  water,  oil, 
etc.,  is  carried  off. 

Overhang.  The  amount  of  a  ship's 
hull  projecting  above  and  be- 
yond a  perpendicular  from  the 
water  line  at  stem  or  stern. 

Overlap  of  plating.  That  portion 
of  a  strake  of  shell  plating,  etc., 
covering  that  of  another  strake, 
generally  regulated  by  the  diam- 
eter of  the  rivets  used  to  connect 
them.  If  single  riveted,  the 
overlap  is  usually  3^  to  4  times, 
and  if  double  riveted,  6  to  7  times 
their  diameter. 


Oxter  plate.  A  sharp  curved  plate 
under  the  counter  of  a  vessel.  It 
joins  plating  on  sternpost  to 
plating  on  cant  frame. 

Oxy-hydrogen  torch.  A  cutting 
or  welding  torch  using  oxy-hy- 
drogen  gas.  See  Appendix.  See 
Plates  XLVI  and  XLVII. 

Packing.  Any  material,  as  hemp, 
rubber,  metal,  felt,  asbestos, 
etc.,  by  which  a  steam,  air,  or 
watertight  contact  between  two 
surfaces  of  metal  is  effected. 

Packing  ring.  Packing  in  the  form 
of  a  ring;  a  metallic  ring  which 
fits  against  the  packing  and  in- 
side the  gland  to  compress  the 
packing. 

Packing  screw.  A  tool  used  for 
drawing  out  "  packing "  when 
required  to  be  renewed. 

Packing  stick  A  specially  shaped 
hardwood  stick  used  to  force 
packing  into  the  gland. 

Pad  or  pad  piece.  A  piece  of 
timber  laid  upon  the  beams  of  a 
vessel  to  form  the  lateral  curve 
(or  camber)  in  the  form  of  the 
deck. 

Pad  eye.  An  eye  located  on  deck 
for  fastening  cables.  See  Lug- 
pad. 

Paddle  beams.  The  thwartships 
supports  of  a  paddle  box,  upon 
the  ends  of  which  the  sponson 
beam  rests,  and  between  which 
the  wheels  of  a  paddle  steamer 
revolve. 

Paddle  box.  A  structure  (gener- 
ally half  circular)  on  the  top- 
side of  a  paddle  steamer,  cover- 


62 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


ing  the  upper  portion  of  the 
paddle  wheels. 

Paddle  box  bridge.  A  platform 
extending  athwartships  from 
one  paddle  box  to  the  other. 

Paddle  box  cabin.  The  prolonga- 
tion of  a  paddle  box,  containing 
a  room  or  rooms  for  dwelling. 

Paddle  box  framing.  The  trussing 
or  framing  of  the  paddle  box  to 
which  the  boards  or  plating 
forming  the  cover  of  the  pad- 
dle box  are  fastened. 

Paddle  box  stays.  Supports  ex- 
tending diagonally,  from  be- 
neath the  spur  beams,  etc.,  to 
the  vessel's  side. 

Paddle  shaft.  The  axle  on  which 
the  wheel  of  a  paddle  steamer  is 
fixed. 

Paddle  float.  The  wooden  blades 
in  the  iron  arms  of  the  paddle 
wheel. 

Paddle  steamer.  A  steamer  driven 
by  means  of  paddle  wheels  fit- 
ted one  on  each  side  of  the 
vessel. 

Paddle  wheel.  Wheels  fitted  (one 
on  each  side)  of  a  paddle 
steamer  in  connection  with  the 
paddle  shaft,  consisting  of  a 
cast-iron  "  boss "  from  which 
wrought  -  iron  arms  radiate 
strengthened  by  "  rims "  and 
"stays";  a  "float"  being  at- 
tached to  each  arm. 

Painter.     See  Boat's  painter. 

Pall  or  pawl.  A  small  metal  fin- 
ger-like piece  that  is  so  pivoted 
on  a  winch  or  capstan  as  to 
prevent  the  revolving  part  from 


turning  backwards  on  account 
of  the  load. 

Palm.  A  leather  strap,  to  fasten 
round  the  hand  of  a  sailmaker, 
having  at  the  palm  a  small, 
round  steel  plate  indented  like  a 
thimble,  to  force  the  sail  needle 
through  the  canvas;  a  flat  face 
or  flange  on  the  top  end  of  stern- 
post  and  rudder  post  to  which 
stern  framing  is  riveted.  See 
Plate  XXVII. 

Palm  of  anchor.  The  part  of  an 
anchor  which  catches  on  the 
bottom  and  holds. 

Panhead  rivet.  A  rivet  with  a 
pan-shaped  head. 

Panting  (of  a  vessel).  The  vi- 
bratory motion  of  the  frames 
and  plating  or  planking  from 
outwards  inwards,  and  vice 
versa. 

Panting  bar.  A  bar  placed  to  pre- 
vent panting. 

Panting  beams.  Beams  fitted  to 
a  deck  in  the  fore  and  after  ends 
of  a  vessel,  to  prevent  "  pant- 
ing." See  Plate  X. 

Parbuckle.  A  method  of  lifting  a 
cask  or  some  other  heavy  object 
by  doubling  a  rope  into  two  legs, 
passing  them  under  the  object, 
and  hauling  on  both  together. 

Parceling.  Long  narrow  strips  of 
tarred  canvas  wound  spirally 
round  a  rope,  and  principally 
used  under  the  serving. 

Parrel.  Any  apparatus  which 
keeps  a  yard  to  its  mast. 

Parrel  rope.  A  rope  which  keeps 
a  yard  to  a  mast.  Wooden  balls 
prevent  jamming. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Part  double  bottom.  A  vessel  is 
considered  "  part  double  bot- 
tom "  if  the  "  wing  girder  "  or 
"  margin  plate  "  does  not  extend 
from  end  to  end  of  the  ship. 

Partial  bulkhead.  A  term  given  to 
a  thwartships  bulkhead  that  ex- 
tends only  a  short  distance  from 
either  side  of  the  vessel,  or  to 
a  bulkhead  not  extended  up  to 
the  main  deck. 

Partial  iron  deck,  partial  steel 
deck.  When  only  a  partial  iron 
or  steel  deck  is  laid,  it  is  usually 
fitted  amidships  under  a  com- 
plete wooden  deck  for  extra 
strength;  extending  from  side 
to  side  and  for  one-half  to  three- 
fifths  of  the  vessel's  length. 

Passer.  A  man  who  passes  rivets 
to  the  holder-on  or  puts  them 
in  the  rivet  holes. 

Passing  tongs.  Tongs  used  in 
passing  a  rivet. 

Patient  slip,  slipway.  An  inclined 
plane  up  the  slope  of  which  a 
vessel  is  hauled,  by  heavy 
tackle,  capstans  or  steam  power, 
for  cleaning  and  painting  the 
bottom  or  for  repairs.  The  slip- 
way forms  a  substitute  for  a 
drydock. 

Patent  windlass.  See  Windlass 
and  Steam  windlass. 

Pawl.  A  small  stop  or  catch, 
which  prevents  a  moving  object 
from  going  beyond  a  certain 
limit.  See  Pall. 

Pay  off,  to.  Paying  the  ship's 
crew  the  money  due  each  one 
at  the  expiration  of  the  voyage. 


Paying  of  seams  in  planking.  The 
filling  of  seams  with  pitch  after 
caulking. 

Pay  out,  to.  To  pay  out  a  cable 
or  hawser  means  to  slacken  it 
more  and  more  away. 

Pea  of  an  anchor.  The  bill,  or 
sharp-pointed  end,  of  the  fluke. 

Peak.    The  upper  end  of  a  gaff. 

Peak  purchase.  A  tackle,  a  pur- 
chase applied  to  the  peak  hal- 
liards to  swing  them  up  taut. 

Peak  bulkhead.  A  bulkhead  sep- 
arating a  peak  from  the  hold, 
usually  the  collision  bulkhead. 
See  Plates  IX,  XXIII  and  XXV. 

Peak,  fore  or  stern.  The  sharply 
narrowed  portion  of  the  hull  or 
hold  at  the  bow  or  the  stern. 

Peak  tank.  A  tank  fitted  in  the  ex- 
treme (lower)  fore  or  after  end 
of  a  steamer. 

Pendant  or  pennant.  A  long 
pointed  flag,  usually  a  signal. 

Pet  cock.  A  small  cock  fitted  on 
a  bilge  pump,  feed  pump,  etc., 
to  ascertain  their  proper 
workings. 

Pet  valve.  A  valve  of  small  size, 
fitted  to  a  pump,  allowing  the 
passage  of  a  little  air  inward  to 
soften  the  shock  of  the  delivery, 
and  to  ascertain  the  proper 
working  condition  of  the  pump. 

Pier.  A  structure  of  iron  or  wood, 
built  out  into  a  sea  or  river,  for 
the  landing  of  passengers  and 
goods. 

Pig  iron.    Crude  cast  iron. 

Pile.  A  piece  of  timber  or  iron, 
driven,  with  others,  into  the 
ground  or  into  the  bed  of  a 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


river,  for  the  support  of  a  pier, 
bridge,  etc. 

Pillar.  Any  iron  or  steel  bar,  fit- 
ted vertically,  to  support  a  deck, 
or  any  other  part  of  a  ship's 
structure.  See  Plate  XXVI. 

Pillar  ladder.  Pillars  fitted  with 
rungs  to  form  a  ladder,  usually 
extending  from  the  headledge  of 
an  upper  deck  hatchway  down 
to  the  keelson,  or  to  the  top  of 
a  double  bottom. 

Pillow.  A  block  of  timber  whereon 
the  inner  end  of  some  spar,  such 
as  the  bowsprit,  is  rested. 

Pilot  bridge.  A  narrow  thwart- 
ships  platform,  extending  from 
side  to  side  above  a  steamer's 
upper  or  bridge  deck,  to  serve 
as  a  station  for  the  pilot,  com- 
mander, or  officer  of  the  watch. 

Pilot  house.  A  house  located  and 
fitted  for  navigation  purposes, 
usually  forward  and  always 
above  other  superstructures.  See 
Plates  XVIII  and  XXXIII. 

'Pin  rails.  Rails  fixed  inside  of  the 
bulwarks  or  immediately  above 
the  deadeyes  or  screws  of 
lower  rigging  in  wake  of  the 
various  masts,  and  fitted  with 
belaying  pins  for  belaying  the 
running  gear. 

Pintles.  The  pins  on  a  rudder 
which  fit  into  the  gudgeons,  or 
eyes,  on  the  sternpost  of  the 
boat. 

Pintles.  Bolts  used  for  securing 
the  rudder  to  the  stern  frames. 

Pintle  scores,  gulleting  of  a  rud- 
der. The  cuts  on  the  fore  side 
of  a  rudder,  below  and  behind 


the  pintles,  so  as  to  allow  a 
rudder  to  be  shipped  and  un- 
shipped. 

Piston.  A  cast-iron  disc,  fitting 
closely  the  interior  of  a  cylinder, 
and  to  which  a  "  to  and  fro  mo- 
tion" is  given  by  the  steam 
through  the  ports.  See  Plate 
XXXIV. 

Piston  expansion  valve.  A  valve, 
similar  in  construction  to  the 
piston  valve,  for  the  purpose  of 
"  cutting  off  "  steam  from  enter- 
ing the  cylinder  before  the  pis- 
ton rod  has  completed  its 
stroke;  the  portion  of  steam  ad- 
mitted finishing  the  stroke  by 
expansion. 

Piston  guide  or  tail  rod.  An  ex- 
tension of  piston  rod  through 
cylinder  head. 

Piston  rings.  Rings  fitted  to  pre- 
vent steam  leakage  between  pis- 
ton and  cylinder  walls. 

Piston  ring  studs  and  nuts.  Studs 
and  nuts  that  hold  piston  springs 
in  place. 

Piston  rod.  The  part  which  trans- 
mits pressure  exerted  on  piston 
to  crosshead.  See  Plates  XXXIV 
and  XXXIV-A. 

Piston  rod  crosshead.  A  block 
forming  the  jointed  connection 
between  a  piston  rod  and  a  con- 
necting rod. 

Piston  spring.  Spiral  and  other 
forms  of  springs,  inserted  be- 
tween a  piston  flange  and  a 
junkring,  serving  to  press  the 
packing  rings  closely  against 
the  inside  surface  of  the  cylin- 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


der  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
steam. 

Piston  rod  nut.  A  nut  holding  pis- 
ton on  piston  rod. 

Piston  valve.  A  valve  of  circular 
form  acting  in  a  perforated 
chamber  and  employed  in  place 
of  an  ordinary  slide  valve,  having 
the  advantage  over  the  latter  that 
it  works  with  less  friction  and  re- 
quires less  power  for  its  motion 
than  a  sliding  valve.  See  Plate 
XXXIV-A. 

Pitch.  The  distance  betwen  the 
center  of  two  contiguous  ob- 
jects, as  between  the  centers  of 
two  adjacent  rivets,  teeth  of  a 
wheel,  etc.;  also,  the  distance 
a  screw  propeller  would  ad- 
vance in  one  revolution,  if  turn- 
ing in  a  steadfast  medium. 

Pitch  chain.  A  chain  transmitting 
motion  from  one  sprocket  wheel 
to  another. 

Pitch  of  a  propeller.    See  Pitch. 

Pitching.  The  alternate  up  and 
down  motion  of  a  vessel  with 
her  fore  end  on  the  crest  and  in 
the  hollows  of  a  turbulent  sea; 
a  vessel's  motion  in  a  plane 
nearly  parallel  to  her  keel. 

Pitting.  The  eating  of  numerous 
small  hollows  in  the  parts  of 
iron  and  steel  machinery 
through  corrosion. 

Planking.  The  covering  of  the 
ribs  of  a  hull  with  planks  dis- 
posed in  strakes;  in  other  words, 
the  skin  of  the  ship. 

Plate.  Iron  or  steel  rolled  to  an 
equal  thickness,  or  metal  cast- 
5 


ings  of  a  plate  form  but  not 
necessarily  of  uniform  thickness. 

Plate  keel.    See  Keel. 

Plate  knee,  knee  plate.  See 
Bracket  plate. 

Plates,  diagonal.  Plates  fitted 
diagonally  under  deck  planking. 

Platform.  Plating  or  boards, 
joined  horizontally,  forming  an 
elevated  stand  or  flooring. 

Plating.  All  of  the  plates  used 
for  covering  frames,  beams, 
etc.,  in  any  part  of  a  ship. 

Play.  The  difference  between  the 
diameter  of  a  shaft,  rod,  etc., 
and  that  of  the  aperture  in 
which  it  works. 

Plastering  trowel.  A  flat  oblong 
trowel  rectangular  in  shape. 

Plimsol  mark.  A  mark  to  indicate 
the  load  water  line  for  fresh  and 
salt  water,  and  for  summer  and 
winter. 

Plummer  blocks.  Cast-iron  or 
steel  blocks  (resting  on  pedes- 
tals, in  a  shaft  tunnel)  in  the 
bed  of  which  the  tunnel  shaft- 
ing rests  or  revolves. 

Plying  hammer.  A  form  of  hand- 
riveting  hammer. 

Pocket  bunker,  pocket  coal 
bunker.  A  space,  smaller  than 
a  usual  bunker,  in  which  coal 
is  kept  for  ready  use. 

Pointing  trowel.  A  triangular 
trowel  used  by  bricklayers. 

Pole.  A  rod  used  for  pushing  a 
boat  along. 

Pole  of  a  mast.  The  upper  end  of 
the  highest  mast;  the  part  which 
rises  above  the  rigging. 


66 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Pole  mast.  A  mast  complete  in 
itself,  that  is,  without  the  addi- 
tion of  a  topmast. 

Pontoon.  A  portable  boat.  A  num- 
ber placed  together  sometimes 
may  carry  a  bridge. 

Poop.  A  structure  on  the  after 
end  of  an  upper  deck  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel, 
the  interior  generally  arranged 
as  a  cabin. 

Poop  bulkhead.  A  bulkhead  placed 
at  the  fore  end  of  a  poop  be- 
tween the  upper  deck  and  the 
poop  deck. 

Poop  deck  beams.  The  beams  on 
which  a  poop  deck  is  laid. 

Poop  deck  waterway.  The  space 
between  the  gunwale  and  the 
gutter  angle  bars  on  a  poop. 

Poop  ladder.  A  ladder  leading 
from  an  upper  deck  to  a  poop 
deck. 

Poop  rail.  A  rail  surrounding  the 
deck  of  a  poop. 

Poop  sheerstrake.  The  upper- 
most strake  of  plating  on  the 
outside  of  the  poop  frames. 

Pooped.  When  a  wave  has  en- 
tered over  the  stern  of  a  ves- 
sel with  damage  resulting. 

Port.  An  opening  in  a  vessel's 
side,  in  a  bulwark,  etc.,  used  for 
various  purposes.  See  Plate 
XV. 

Port  flap.  The  hinged  plates  or 
framework  closing  a  port. 

Port  flap  hinge.  The  joint  or  flap 
by  which  it  is  hung. 

Port  frame.  A  reinforcement 
placed  around  a  port,  generally 
of  angle  bar. 


Port,  helm  (rudder  port).  The 
hole  through  which  the  head 
and  stock  of  a  rudder  (or  helm) 
passes  when  the  vessel  has  a 
counter. 

Portholes.  Openings  in  the  side 
of  a  vessel,  as  the  round  holes 
or  windows  seen  in  passenger 
steamboats.  See  Plate  XV. 

Port  lid.  The  lid  which  shuts  a 
porthole. 

Port  side.  The  side  of  ship  on 
the  left  hand  when  facing  for- 
ward. 

Port  sills.  The  planks  of  timber 
which  lie  horizontally  in  the 
framing  of  a  porthole,  top  and 
bottom,  like  window  sills. 

Ports,  steam.  Passageways  in  a 
slide  valve  or  piston  valve  by 
which  steam  passes  in  or  out. 
See  Plate  XXXIV. 

Pouches.  Strong  bulkheads  placed 
across  the  hold  to  prevent  the 
cargo  from  shifting  in  vessels 
that  are  laden  in  bulk. 

Preventer.  An  additional  rope 
supporting  another  when  that 
one  is  subject  to  unusual  strain. 

Preventer  bolts.  Bolts  in  the  pre- 
venter plates  of  large  vessels. 

Preventer  plates.  Broad  plates  of 
iron  below  the  chains  in  large 
sailing  ships. 

Preventer  stay,  or  preventer  back- 
stay. In  fore-and-aft  craft,  a 
backstay  easily  slackened  when 
the  mainsail  swings  over;  some- 
times called  runners. 

Pricker.  A  kind  of  small  marling- 
spike,  used  to  enlarge  eyelet 
holes  in  sails,  etc. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


67 


Profile  plan.  Side  elevation  of  a 
ship's  form. 

Profile  draught.  A  name  applied 
to  two  drawings  from  the  sheer 
draught,  one  represents  the  en- 
tire construction  and  disposi- 
tion of  the  ship,  the  other  her 
whole  interior  work  and  fittings. 

Proof-strain.  A  limited  test  ap- 
plied to  anchors,  chains,  etc.,  to 
prove  the  trustworthiness  of  the 
material  from  which  they  were 
manufactured. 

Propeller.  The  means  by  which  a 
vessel  is  driven  through  the  wa- 
ter; usually  applied  to  "  screw 
propeller  "  of  a  screw  steamer. 

Propeller  blade  flange.  A  flange  on 
blades  that  are  bolted  to  pro- 
peller boss. 

Propeller  blades.  The  flat  arms 
that  take  hold  on  the  water  as 
propeller  turns. 

Propeller  boss.  The  hub  to  which 
removable  blades  are  bolted. 
See  Plate  XXV. 

Propeller  bracket,  propeller  strut. 
A  frame  supporting  bearing  for 
shaft  outside  of  regular  stern 
framing.  See  Plate  XV. 

Propeller  frame.  See  Stern  frame. 

Propeller  post.  See  Screw  post. 
See  Plate  XXVII. 

Propeller,  screw.  A  propeller 
so  called  because  blades  are  at 
an  angle  to  line  of  axis,  similar 
to  the  thread  of  a  screw.  See 
Plate  XXV. 

Propeller  shaft,  tail  shaft.  The 
shaft  to  which  the  propeller  is 
keyed  or  fastened. 


Propeller  shaft  boss.  The  en- 
larged part  of  a  propeller  post 
or  strut,  to  take  stern  bearing. 
See  Plate  XXVII. 

Propeller  shaft  casing.  See  Stern 
tube. 

Propeller  shaft  sleeve.  A  bronze 
jacket  shrunk  on  to  propeller 
shaft  for  protection. 

Propeller  shaft  stays.  Strong  flat 
iron  bars  fitted  on  each  side  in 
the  "  fun  "  of  twin  screw  steamer, 
as  supports  for  the  outer  bearings 
of  the  propeller  shaft. 

Protection  plates.  Narrow  strips 
of  plate,  placed  so  as  to  pro- 
tect edges  of  bow  plating  when 
hoisting  anchor  clear  up. 

Puddening,  pidding.  Old  ropes, 
canvas,  etc.,  used  as  pads  on 
rigging  to  prevent  charing. 

Pulley.  A  grooved  wheel,  fixed 
or  suspended,  over  which  a 
chain  or  rope  passes. 

Pump.  An  engine  used  for  filling 
and  draining  the  tanks,  etc. 

Pump  barrel,  pump  cylinder.  The 
upper  cylindrical  portion  of  a 
pump;  space  where  pump  bucket 
travels. 

Pump  casing,  pump  well.  Any 
enclosure  of  wood  or  iron  round 
the  pumps,  extending  from  the 
floors  usually  to  the  upper  deck. 

Pump  cover.  A  lid  by  which  the 
top  of  a  pump  is  closed. 

Pump  crosshead  links.  Links  con- 
necting pump  lever  to  pump 
crosshead.  (Links  connecting 
lever  to  engine  are  known  as 


68 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


engine  crosshead  pump  links.) 
See  Plate  XXXV. 

Pump  gear.  The  gearing  of  a 
pump. 

Pump  levers.  Flat  iron  bars,  one 
end  connected  by  links  to  the 
piston  rod  crosshead  and  the 
other  end  to  the  pump  links, 
thus  transmitting  the  motion  of 
the  piston  rods  to  the  pump 
rods.  See  Plate  XXXV. 

Pump  lever  gudgeon,  center 
gudgeon.  See  Rocking  shaft. 

Pump  partners.  Angle  bars,  plates, 
pieces  of  timber  fitted  round  the 
pumps  for  support. 

Pump  rod.  The  rod  connected  to 
the  bucket  or  plunger  of  any 
pump. 

Punched  rivet  hole.  A  rivet  hole 
made  by  a  punching  machine. 

Punt.  A  flat-bottomed,  wall-sided 
boat,  square  at  the  ends,  used 
as  a  platform  for  men  when 
caulking,  cleaning,  or  painting 
a  vessel's  outside  when  in 
harbor. 

Purser.  A  person  having  charge 
of  the  mails;  secretary;  superin- 
tendent of  the  steward's  depart- 
ment; accountant  of  provisions 
received  and  consumed. 

Quadrant.  A  nautical  instrument, 
on  the  arc  of  which  is  a  finely 
graduated  scale  showing  de- 
grees and  minutes,  with  ad- 
justable reflectors,  etc.;  used  to 
find  the  altitude  of  heavenly 
bodies,  angular  distances,  etc. 
On  a  marine  engine,  quadrant 
bars  are  part  of  the  reversing 


gear.  On  a  steering  gear,  the 
rudder  quadrant  is  a  section  of  a 
wheel  or  sheave  fastened  to  the 
rudder  head. 

Quadrant  thimble.  A  distance 
piece  between  quadrant  bars. 

Quadruple  riveting.  The  riveting 
together  of  parts  by  four  rows 
of  rivets. 

Quarter.  Those  portions  of  the 
sides  of  a  vessel  about  half-way 
between  beam  and  stern,  and 
in  their  position  aft  of  the  beam 
may  be  said  to  correspond  with 
the  bows,  which  lie  forward  of 
the  beam. 

Quarter  (of  a  ship).  The  after 
end  of  a  vessel;  also,  the  sides 
of  the  after  portion  of  one. 

Quarter  deck.  The  after  portion 
of  an  upper  deck. 

Quarter  hatch.    See  After  hatch. 

Quarter  iron.  An  iron  hoop,  fit- 
ted on  a  yard  about  midway  be- 
tween its  center  and  the  yard 
end,  forming  the  inner  support 
of  a  studding-sail  boom  on  a 
yard,  and  through  which  such 
boom  is  rigged  out  and  in. 

Quarter  man.  An  officer  having 
charge  of  a  subdivision  of  work- 
men in  a  navy  yard. 

Quartermaster.  An  able  seaman, 
almost  exclusively  emplyed  for 
steering  a  vessel;  on  large 
steamers  four  to  six  men,  so 
rated,  relieve  each  other  every 
hour  or  two  hours.  A  petty 
officer  in  the  navy. 

Quarter  pillar.  A  deck  or  hold 
pillar  fitted  about  midway  be- 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


69 


tween  the  middle  line  and  the 
side  of  a  vessel;  some  hatch- 
ways are  supported  by  quarter 
pillars  fitted  under  their 
carlings. 

Quarter  stanchion.  Another  name 
for  quarter  pillar. 

Quarters.  The  stations  at  which 
men  should  (place  themselves 
when  called  to  their  duties,  as 
at  fire  drill  or  boat  drill.  Also 
used  in  reference  to  living  ac- 
commodations; as,  officers' 
quarters,  men's  quarters,  etc. 

Quay.    An  artificial  landing  place. 

Quicken.  To  shorten  the  radius 
of  a  curve;  as,  to  quicken  a 
sheer  is  to  make  it  more  pro- 
nounced. 

Rabbet.  A  longitudinal  rectangu- 
lar groove  in  wood  or  metal  for 
the  reception  of  pieces,  the  ends 
or  sides  of  which  are  of  similar 
section,  so  as  to  fit  into  the 
groove. 

Race.  A  violent  current  arising 
from  the  meeting  of  two  coun- 
ter currents,  as  "  Portland 
Race  "  in  the  English  Channel. 

Racing.  A  term  given  to  the  sud- 
denly accelerated  motion  of  a 
steamer's  engine  caused  by  the 
propeller  blades  or  the  paddle 
wheels  being  partly  or  wholly 
lifted  out  of  the  water  by  heavy 
seas. 

Rack.  A  shelf,  framework,  etc., 
in  which  objects  are  secured  to 
prevent  them  from  moving 
about. 


Racking.  A  piece  of  line  by  which 
two  ropes,  etc.,  are  temporarily 
kept  together  before  a  seizing 
is  laid  on. 

Raft.  A  collection  of  timber 
boards,  etc.,  fastened  together 
compactly  by  means  of  ropes, 
chains,  etc.,  capable  of  being 
floated  on  a  river,  sea,  or  lake 
from  one  place  to  another. 

Raft  ports.  The  bow  and  stern 
ports,  made  to  facilitate  the 
loading  and  discharging  of  tim- 
ber. 

Rail.  A  guard  made  of  flat  pieces 
of  wood,  or  iron  bars  or  rods, 
joined,  and  connected  to  the 
upper  edge  of  the  bulwark  plat- 
ing, or  fitted  upon  the  summits 
of  stanchions  surrounding  an 
upper  deck,  bridge,  poop,  or  fore- 
castle deck,  etc. 

Rail  stanchions.  The  iron  stan- 
chions, about  3  feet  high,  placed 
about  the  same  distance  apart, 
fitted  with  several  tiers  of  guard 
ropes,  to  enclose  the  sides  and 
ends  of  a  bridge,  forecastle,  or 
poop,  and  sometimes  an  upper 
deck. 

Raised  quarter  deck.  A  structure 
interrupting  the  after  portion 
of  an  upper  deck,  raised  several 
feet  above  it,  extending  from 
side  to  side  of  a  vessel. 

Raising  iron.  A  tool  used  by 
caulkers  for  clearing  a  vessel's 
seams. 

Rake.  The  inclination  of  a  ves- 
sel's mast,  funnel,  stem,  etc., 
from  its  upright  angle  with  the 
keel.  The  rake  may  be  either 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


forward  or  aft.  The  elevation  of 
the  outer  end  of  a  bowsprit 
above  the  level  of  its  inner  end. 

Rally.  A  rally  is  when  gangs  of 
men  drive  wedges  between  the 
cradle  and  sliding  ways,  all 
working  steadily  for  4  or  5  min- 
utes. 

Ram.  A  massive  projection  under 
water  at  the  bow  of  a  ship  of 
war.  The  ship  herself  is  also 
called  a  ram. 

Ratchet  wheel.  A  wheel  having 
angular  teeth  fitted  to  winches, 
etc.,  for  pawls  to  drop  into, 
thus  preventing  the  backward 
motion  of  the  barrel  to  the  end 
of  which  it  is  attached. 

Rate.  A  merchant  ship  is  rated, 
according  to  its  relative  safety 
as  an  insurance  risk,  as  Ai,  A2, 
etc.  Warships  are  rated,  ac- 
cording to  size,  armor,  guns, 
etc.,  as  ist  rate,  2nd  rate,  3rd 
rate,  etc.  To  rate  a  ship's  chro- 
nometer is  to  determine  its  er- 
ror in  24  hours  from  true  time. 
This  rate  of  error  must  be  taken 
into  account  in  working  out  a 
position  at  sea. 

Ratline.  The  three-stranded  cord 
of  which  the  ladder-like  steps 
in  lower  rigging,  topmast  rig- 
ging, etc.,  are  formed. 

Rave  hook.  A  caulker's  tool,  in 
form  of  a  hook,  used  to  pull  old 
oakum  out  of  the  seams  of 
planks. 

Reaming.  Using  a  reamer  to  make 
rivet  holes  fair  and  smooth  on 
the  inside.  The  equivalent  Eng- 


lish words  are  rimering  and 
rimer.  See  Plate  LIV. 

Recess  bulkhead.  A  bulkhead  of 
any  recessed  portion  of  a  hold 
or  compartment. 

Recess  of  tunnel.  The  elevated 
and  extended  portion  of  a  tun- 
nel. (At  the  after  end  such  an 
enlargement  of  tunnel  is  called 
"stuffing  box  recess,"  while  at 
the  forward  end  it  is  known  as 
"  thrust  recess.") 

Reciprocating  pump.  Any  pump 
having  a  "  to  and  fro  "  or  "  up 
and  down  "  action. 

Reduction  gears.  The  gears  that 
reduce  turbine  speed  to  propel- 
ler speed.  They  constitute  an 
important  part  of  a  turbine  in- 
stallation and  may  be  located 
forward  or  aft  of  the  turbines. 
Note  particularly  Plates  XLIV 
and  LVIII.  The  reduction  is 
generally  made  in  two  stages. 
See  Plate  XLV. 

Reef.  To  contract  or  reduce  the 
extent  of  a  sail  by  rolling  or 
folding  a  certain  portion  of  it 
and  making  it  fast  to  the  yard. 

Reef  knot.   A  square  knot. 

Reef  tackles.  Tackles  of  which 
one  block  is  hung  under  the 
yardarm  and  the  other  con- 
nected to  a  cringle,  fitted  in  the 
leach  rope  of  a  square  sail,  to 
haul  the  earring  cringles  as  near 
as  possible  to  the  ends  of  the 
yards,  greatly  facilitating  the 
reefing  of  the  sail.  The  tackles 
take  their  name  from  the  sails 
with  which  they  are  connected. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Reaming.  The  widening  of  the 
seams  of  new  planking  with  a 
"  reeming  iron"  so  that  oakum 
can  be  introduced  by  means  of 
a  caulking  iron  and  mallet. 

Reeming  iron.  A  caulker's  tool 
used  to  widen  narrow  seams  so 
that  oakum  may  be  inserted. 

Reeving.  The  passing  of  a  rope 
through  the  sheave  hole  of  a 
block;  an  earring  through  the 
cringle  of  a  sail;  a  painter 
through  the  eye  of  a  ring  bolt 
fixed  on  the  inside  of  a  boat's 
stem,  etc. 

Relief  frames.  A  contrivance  to 
reduce  friction  on  a  slide  valve 
face. 

Relief  valve.  A  valve  in  connec- 
tion with  a  circulating  pump, 
feed  pump,  etc.,  serving  to  re- 
lieve such  pump  from  any  over- 
pressure of  water. 

Relieving  tackle.  A  tackle  that 
may  be  attached  to  tiller  or  a 
rudder  to  assist  the  steering  in 
bad  weather,  or  in  case  of  acci- 
dent ;  also,  a  tackle  from  a  wharf 
to  a  masthead  to  ease  and  help 
to  right  a  listed  vessel. 

Render.  To  reeve,  to  let  pass,  as 
a  rope  through  a  block,  OT 
where  turns  have  been  taken 
with  a  rope  on  a  winch  head  on 
bitts. 

Reserve  buoyance  (of  a  vessel). 
The  lifting  power.  It  may  be 
measured  by  the  volume  of 
watertight  hull  above  the  load 
water  line. 

Return  connecting  rod  engine.  An 
engine  so  designed  that  the  con- 


necting rod  works  on  the  far- 
ther side  of  the  crankshaft  from 
the  cylinder.  It  has  two  piston 
rods,  one  passing  above,  the 
other  below  the  shaft,  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  crank.  Both 
rods  are  secured  to  a  crosshead 
to  the  middle  of  which  the  "re- 
turn connecting  rod "  is  cou- 
pled, the  object  being  to  gain 
length  of  stroke  in  a  limited 
space. 

Return  flue  boiler.  A  boiler  in 
which  the  smoke  and  heat  from 
the  furnace  pass  first  into  the 
combustion  chamber,  and  from 
thence  return  through  the  tubes 
into  the  uptake  and  funnel. 

Reverse  frame.  An  angle  fitted 
on  the  top  edge  of  the  floor 
plates,  or  inner  edge  of  the 
frames.  See  Plate  LXI. 

Reversing.  Change  of  motion, 
direction  or  position. 

Reversing  link,  slide  valve  link. 
The  bar  or  piece  of  machinery  in 
connection  with  the  upper  end 
of  the  eccentric  rods  and  the 
lower  end  of  the  valve  rod. 

Reversing  shaft.  A  screw-threaded 
bar  forming  part  of  reversing 
gear  to  one  end  of  which  the 
reversing  wheel  is  attached. 

Reversing  wheel.  A  hand  wheel 
in  front  of  an  engine,  within 
reach  from  the  starting  plat- 
form, for  changing  the  motion 
of  the  valve  gear  when  revers- 
ing the  engine. 

Revolution  counter  (tabulator). 
An  indicator  which  records  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


revolution  of  the  engine.  See 
Plate  XLI. 

Ribands.  The  molding  round  a 
vessel's  side,  or  the  painted 
decoration. 

Ribbands.  Planks,  strips  of  wood 
or  iron  bolted  outside  the  ribs 
to  give  stability  to  them  during 
the  building  of  the  vessel.  They 
may  be  marked  with  fore  and 
aft  location  of  frames. 

Ribs.  The  timbers  which  form 
the  skeleton  of  a  boat. 

Rider.  A  sort  of  interior  rib 
fixed  occasionally  in  a  ship's 
hold  when  she  has  been  en- 
feebled by  service,  though  she 
may  sometimes  be  built  with 
them  for  extra  strength. 

Rider  keelson.  The  upper  one  in 
case  a  keelson  is  constructed 
of  two  heights. 

Rider  plate.  A  plate  fitted  hor- 
izontally on  top  of  a  vertical- 
plate  keelson,  to  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  angle  bars;  also,  often 
fitted  on  top  of  hold  bars,  etc. 
See  Plate  VI. 

Riding.  The  floor  timbers  which, 
gradually  rising  from  the  plane 
of  the  midships  floor  of  a  ship, 
give  the  shape  to  the  parts  of 
the  bow  and  stern. 

Rig.  The  rig  of  a  vessel  is  the 
manner  in  which  her  masts  and 
sails  are  fitted  to  her  hull;  there 
can  be  but  two  rigs,  viz.,  square, 
and  fore  and  aft. 

Rig.  Necessary  support  and  brace 
for  a  drill. 

Rigger.    One  whose  occupation  is 


to  rig  or  unrig  vessels,  take  up 
or  down  the  yards,  etc. 

Rigging.  The  totality  of  a  ves- 
sel's masts,  spars,  etc.,  with 
their  standing  and  running 
ropes. 

Rigging  screw.  An  iron  instru- 
ment used  to  squeeze  together 
parts  of  standing  rigging  so  that 
a  seizing  may  be  put  on. 

Rim  of  a  top.  The  curved  edge 
or  border  of  a  platform  placed 
on  the  trestletrees  of  a  lower 
mast. 

Riming.  The  fairing  of  rivet  holes 
in  plating,  angle  bars,  etc.,  when 
required,  by  means  of  a  steel 
tool,  a  "  rimer,"  before  rivets 
are  put  in.  (Generally  spelled 
reaming  and  reamer.) 

Rise  of  floor.  The  elevation  of  the 
arms  of  a  floor  above  its 
seating.  (In  modern  cargo 
ships  it  may  be  6  or  8  inches.) 

Rivet.  A  metal  pin  by  which  the 
plating  and  other  parts  of  iron 
and  steel  vessels  are  joined. 
Rivets  are  known  by  their 
heads,  such  as  flush,  pan,  snap, 
plug,  tap,  countersunk,  mush- 
room, and  bullhead. 

Rivet  holes.  The  punched  or 
drilled  holes  in  plating,  frames, 
etc.,  into  which  the  rivets  are 
driven  for  connection. 

Rivet  set.  A  tool  used  in  caulking 
around  a  rivet. 

Riveting.    To  fasten  with  rivets. 

Riveters.  The  men  who  do  rivet- 
ing. See  Plate  LV.  . 

Rocking  shaft.  Any  shaft  used  to 
impart  a  rocking  motion  to 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


73 


other  parts,  i.e.,  the  shaft  form- 
ing the  fulcrum  of  the  pump 
levers. 

Rocking  shaft  brasses.  The 
brasses  in  which  a  rocking  shaft 
works. 

Roller  chocks.  Chocks  with  a 
short  vertical  roller  fixed  to  ease 
a  line  passing  through.  See 
Plate  XV. 

Rolling.  The  tipping  or  tilting 
over  of  a  vessel,  alternately 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  in  a 
heavy  sea. 

Rolling  chocks.  Another  name 
for  bilge  keel. 

Rope.  A  combination  of  fibrous 
material  obtained  from  hemp  or 
manila  and  spun  into  threads 
and  twisted  into  strands.  Sev- 
eral strands  wound  together 
form  a  rope.  Iron  and  steel 
wire  is  also  used  in  making 
rope. 

Rope  yarn.  One  of  the  threads 
forming  the  strand  of  a  rope. 

Rose  box.  A  strainer  fitted  in  a 
bilge  or  well  to  keep  suction 
pipes  clear.  Called,  also,  strum 
box. 

Rose  lashing.  A  lashing  that 
passes  alternately  over  and  un- 
der parts  of  the  object  lashed, 
the  end  being  secured  by  pass- 
ing circularly  around  the  point 
of  crossing. 

Roses.  Perforated  pieces  of  metal 
fitted  over  the  outside  of  sea- 
inlets,  i.e.,  over  apertures  in  the 
outside  plating  of  a  vessel,  to 
let  in  sea  water  and  prevent  the 
entrance  of  any  stray  substance. 


Rotary  shears  (for  cutting  steel 
plates.)  Shears  on  which  the 
cutting  is  done  by  revolving 
steel  discs.  See  Plate  LI. 

Round  stern.  The  modern  shape 
of  the  stern — formerly  square, 
but  now  elliptical  or  round. 

Rounded  gunwale.  The  curved 
portion  of  the  frames  and 
rounded  plates  forming  the 
transition  from  the  vertical  side 
of  a  poop,  bridge,  etc.,  to  the 
horizontal  deck  of  such 
structure. 

Rounded  gunwale  plating.  The 
rounded  or  curved  plates,  usu- 
ally fitted  between  the  vertical 
side  plating  of  a  vessel  and  a 
bridge,  forecastle,  poop,  or  awn- 
ing deck  stringer,  if  the  deck 
of  such  bridge,  poop,  etc.,  is  of 
less  breadth  than  the  deck  be- 
low either  of  them. 

Row  of  rivets.  A  continuous  line 
of  rivets  placed  horizontally  or 
vertically. 

Rowel.  A  single  block  or  pulley; 
"  the  iron  or  wood  sheave  or 
wheel  for  a  whip  tackle." 

Rowlock.  A  lock  or  holding  por- 
tion for  a  rowing  machine,  the 
fulcrum  from  which  an  oar  ob- 
tains its  leverage. 

Rowser  chock.  A  chock  closed 
across  the  top. 

Royal  mast.  A  pole  forming  the 
third  prolongation  above  a  lower 
mast.  It  usually  forms  one  spar 
with  the  topgallant  mast. 

Royal  sail.  A  light  upper  sail, 
the  one  next  above  a  topgallant 
sail. 


74 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Rubbing  piece  (of  wale).  A  bead- 
ing of  wood  or  rope  running 
round  the  outside  of  a  boat  just 
beneath  the  gunwale  to  protect 
it  against  injury  in  touching 
quays,  piers,  or  other  boats. 

Rubbing  strip.  A  thick  narrow 
plate  sometimes  riveted  outside 
a  flat  plate  keel;  a  thick  narrow 
plate  or  half-round  molding 
placed  along  the  side  where  it 
will  protect  the  side  plating 
when  docking  ship. 

Rudder.  A  device  hinged  to  the 
hull,  outside,  nearly  always  at 
the  stern.  It  is  the  means  by 
which  a  vessel  is  steered.  See 
Plate  XV. 

Rudder  brace.  Sternpost  brace,  or 
gudgeon;  a  lug  or  projection 
on  after  part  of  sternpost  to  re- 
ceive rudder  pintle. 

Rudder  arms  or  stays.  Arms  pro- 
jecting from  the  stock  on  alter- 
nate sides  of  center  lines  spaced 
opposite  each  of  the  gudgeons, 
which  are  from  four  to  five  feet 
apart;  arms  to  which  rudder 
plate  is  riveted.  See  Plate 
XV. 

Rudder  bushings.  Metal  thimbles, 
fitted  round  rudder  pintles,  or  in 
rudder  braces,  as  a  lining,  after 
the  braces  and  pintles  are  some- 
what worn  by  the  constant  turn- 
ing of  the  rudder. 

Rudder  clamp  (temporary).  A 
clamp  made  of  timbers  bolted 
so  as  to  keep  rudder  straight 
while  launching.  See  Plate  XV. 

Rudder  flange.   A  flange  for  join- 


ing rudder  head  to  main  piece. 
See  Plate  XV. 

Rudder  frame.  The  rudder,  ex- 
clusive of  the  plating,  or  the 
"  bow  of  the  rudder." 

Rudder  head.  The  upper  end  of 
the  main  piece,  to  which  the 
tiller  is  fixed. 

Rudder  head  plate,  rudder  part- 
ner plate.  A  plate  fitted  on  the 
aftermost  upper  deck  poop,  or 
raised  quarter  deck  beams,  hav- 
ing an  aperture  immediately 
above  the  rudder  trunk  through 
which  the  rudder  head  passes, 
thus  forming  part  of  the  helm 
port. 

Rudder  heel.  The  lower  portion 
of  the  main  piece  of  a  rudder. 

Rudder-heel  bearing.  A  bearing 
for  the  rudder  heel;  i.e.,  the 
bottom  bearing  on  a  rudder 
post. 

Rudder  lock.  A  metal  cleat,  fit- 
ted in  a  pintle  score  under  one 
of  the  upper  pintles  of  the  rud- 
der, to  prevent  the  rudder  being 
accidentally  unshipped. 

Rudder  pendants.  Chains  or  strong 
wire  ropes,  attached  by  a 
shackle  to  the  back  of  the  rud- 
der frame  of  iron  or  steel  ships, 
and  to  the  preventer  tiller  of 
wooden  ships,  leading  over  the 
stern,  and  intended  for  use  as 
temporary  steering  gear,  should 
any  accident  happen  to  the  rud- 
der tiller,  rudder  head,  etc. 

Rudder  pintle  bolts.  Bolts  by 
which  the  metal  strap  in  con- 
nection with  a  rudder  pintle  is 
fastened  to  the  rudder. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


75 


Rudder  pintles.  The  metal  pins 
forged  on  the  fore-side  of  the 
main  piece  of  a  rudder  turning 
in  the  rudder  braces. 

Rudder  plating.  The  plates  fitted 
on  and  riveted  to  a  rudder 
frame. 

Rudder  post.    See  Sternpost. 

Rudder  rivet.  Any  rivet  by  which 
the  rudder  plating  is  secured  to 
the  rudder  frame. 

Rudder  snug  or  gudgeon.  A  lug 
or  projection  on  forward  part 
of  main  piece  to  take  rudder 
pintle. 

Rudder  stays.  Pieces  of  metal 
fitted  horizontally  between  the 
main  piece  and  the  bow  of  the 
rudder,  to  which  they  are 
welded. 

Rudder  stock.  The  main  piece  of 
a  rudder.  See  Plate  XV. 

Rudder  stops.  Usually  projections 
in  the  stern  frame  ,or  on  the 
rudder  post  to  keep  the  rudder 
from  turning  too  far. 

Rudder  trunk.  A  casing  consist- 
ing of  plates  surrounding  the 
upper  portion  of  the  main  piece 
of  the  rudder  or  rudder  head, 
extending  abaft  the  sternpost 
from  the  lower  part  of  the 
counter  up  to  the  deck;  the  in- 
terior of  the  rudder  trunk  forms 
part  of  the  "  helm  port."  One 
and  sometimes  two  stuffing 
boxes  are  located  in  a  rudder 
trunk  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
entering  the  hull. 

Run.  The  narrowing  of  a  ves- 
sel's after  bottom. 


Running  rigging.  Ropes  by  which 
yards  are  braced,  sails  hoisted 
or  hauled  down,  etc.;  movable 
rigging. 

Rust  putty.  A  putty  made  by  mix- 
ing the  borings  or  filings  of 
cast  iron  with  sal-ammoniac.  They 
will  form  a  pasty  mass,  employed 
by  engineers  as  luting,  etc.,  in  join- 
ing the  flanges  of  iron  pipes,  etc. 

Saddle.  A  hollowed  block  of  wood 
on  a  bowsprit  in  which  the  heel 
of  a  jib-boom  is  lodged;  also, 
a  wooden  collar  round  a  mast, 
upon  which  the  jaws  of  a  boom 
rest. 

Safety  collar.  A  collar  or  ring  fit- 
ted to  prevent  parts  of  an 
engine,  etc.,  from  starting  loose 
or  to  prevent  the  blowing  out  of 
an  expansion  joint  of  a  steam 
pipe. 

Safety  keel.  A  garboard  com- 
posed of  several  strakes  of  thick 
plating. 

Safety  ring,  check  ring,  guard 
ring.  A  ring  fitted  to  protect 
or  keep  in  place  certain  things. 

Safety  valves.  Valves  fitted  to 
boilers,  superheaters,  etc.,  to 
prevent  explosions,  or  other 
accidents,  arising  from  exces- 
sive pressure,  if  unrelieved. 

Safety  valve  box,  safety  valve  cas- 
ing. The  casing  protecting  a 
safety  valve. 

Safety  valve  drain  pipe.  A  pipe, 
fixed  under  the  safety  valve 
box  on  a  boiler,  leading  water 
condensed  from  the  escaping 


76 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


steam  into  the  bilges,  or  the 
tanks. 

Sag,  sagging.  A  dropping  or  de- 
pression; therefore,  in  a  keel, 
the  opposite  of  hogging. 

Sagged.  When  from  some  cause 
a  vessel's  form  is  so  altered  that 
the  ends  of  the  keel  are  much 
above  the  level  of  its  midship 
portion,  it  is  said  to  be  "sagged." 

Sail.  A  device  made  of  canvas 
and  rope  so  it  may  be  extended, 
by  means  of  spars  or  rigging, 
for  the  purpose  of  catching  the 
wind  and  driving  the  vessel. 

Sail  needle.  A  heavy  three-cor- 
nered needle. 

Sail  of  a  lugger.  A  four-sided  sail 
bent  to  a  yard  and  slung  to  the 
mast  in  a  fore-and-aft  position. 

Salt  stops.  Short  pieces  of  wood 
placed  between  the  frames 
above  the  bilges,  just  above  the 
various  air  courses,  to  keep  the 
salt  in  its  place,  in  case  a  vessel 
is  salted  to  preserve  its  timbers. 

Sampson  post.  A  heavy  vertical 
post  to  support  cargo  booms. 

Saturated  steam.  Steam  having 
the  same  temperature  as  the 
water  from  which  it  is  raised. 

Saturation.  The  point  of  infusion 
at  which  no  more  of  the  sub- 
stance (as  salt)  can  be  held  in 
solution. 

Save-all,  drip  pan.  A  cup  or  ves- 
sel suspended  to  catch  dripping 
oil. 

Scale.  The  incrustation  of  salt, 
lime,  etc.,  in  a  boiler  or  other 
receptacle. 


Scaling  hammer.  A  hammer  to 
beat  off  scale  or  oxidation  from 
iron  or  steel  plates,  angle  bars, 
etc. 

Scantling.  Dimensions,  breadth, 
and  thickness  of  either  wooden, 
steel,  or  iron  keels,  stems,  stern- 
posts,  beams,  frames,  etc. 

Scantling  of  frames.  The  breadth 
of  frame  flanges  in  inches,  etc., 
and  the  thickness  at  their  half 
breadth. 

Scarph,  scarf.  The  connection  of 
two  pieces  of  timber  by  the 
overlapping  of  their  shaped 
ends  so  that  they  make  one 
beam  of  uniform  size  through- 
out. Smiths  scarph  ends  of  iron 
or  steel  for  welding.  To<  cut 
plates  so  that  when  assembled 
does  away  with  liners.  See 
Plate  XXVII. 

Screen.  A  bulkhead  to  keep  out 
dust  (not  watertight)  found  be- 
tween boiler  and  engine  rooms. 

Screen  bulkhead.  A  screen  formed 
of  platings,  fitted  in  a  stoke- 
hold, to  prevent  the  entrance  of 
cold  air  striking  the  boilers 
suddenly. 

Screw.  A  cylinder  having  a  spiral 
thread  winding  round  it  at  equal 
distances.  The  distance  center  to 
center  of  each  spiral  thread  is 
called  the  "  pitch  "  of  a  screw. 

Screw  aperture.  The  opening  be- 
tween the  sternpost  and  pro- 
peller post  of  a  screw  steamer, 
in  which  the  propeller  revolves. 
See  Plate  XXVII. 

Screw  boss.  The  thicker  central 
portion  of  a  screw  propeller, 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


77 


to    which    movable    blades    are 
attached  by  studs  and  nuts. 

Screw  jack.  A  hoisting  or  lifting 
jack  operated  by  a  screw. 

Screw  post,  propeller  post.  The 
inner  sternpost  of  a  screw 
steamer.  See  Plate  XXVII. 

Screw  propeller.  A  propeller  hav- 
ing blades  or  paddles  set  at  an 
angle  and  twisted  like  a  screw 
thread  of  steep  pitch,  which 
when  driven  by  a  shaft  forces 
the  vessel  forward. 

Screw  race.     See  Screw  aperture. 

Scrieve  board.  A  large  surface  of 
flooring  in  the  mold  *,loft  in 
which  the  lines  of  the  body  plan 
are  cut  with  a  knife.  Used  for 
making  molds  of  various  parts. 

Sculling.  The  propelling  of  the 
boat  through  the  water  from 
the  rear  with  a  single  oar. 

Scum  cocks,  brine  cocks,  surface 
blow-off  cocks.  Cocks  fixed,  one 
on  the  back  plate  or  shell  of  a 
boiler,  in  connection  with  the 
brine  pipe,  the  other  to  the  shell 
plating  of  the  vessel,  serving 
for  the  extraction  and  discharg- 
ing of  salt,  etc.,  from  the  water 
in  the  boiler. 

Scum  valve,  brine  valve.  A  valve 
sometimes  fitted  in  lieu  of  a 
brine  or  scum  cock. 

Scuppers.  Round  or  oval  aper- 
tures, serving  to  lead  off  small 
quantities  of  water,  to  prevent 
it  accumulating  on  a  vessel's 
deck. 

Scupper  holes.  Holes  cut  through 
the  gunwale  angle  bar  and  the 
adjoining  sheerstrake,  or 


through  any  plate  or  shape,  for 
scupper  pipes  to  pass. 

Scupper  pipes.  Pipes  by  which 
the  water  from  a  deck  is  con- 
ducted between  the  frames  to 
the  bilge.  Scupper  pipes  from 
upper  decks  often  lead  directly 
outboard  or  to  the  waterway  of 
a  lower  deck. 

Scuttle.  A  small  aperture  in  a 
deck,  in  the  side  plating  or 
planking  of  a  vessel,  in  a 
bridge  or  a  poop  bulkhead, 
etc.,  principally  to  admit  light 
and  air. 

Scuttle  frame.  The  metal  frame 
enclosing  a  bull's-eye. 

Scuttle,  to.  To  sink  a  vessel  by 
means  of  boring  or  cutting 
holes  through  her  bottom. 

Sea  cock,  sea  connection.  Any 
cock  attached  to  the  outside 
plating  (usually  above  the  engine 
room  or  stokehold  platform)  in 
communication  with  the  sea. 

Sea  room.  The  distance  from 
land,  banks,  or  shoals,  etc.,  that 
a  vessel  could  sail  or  drive  with- 
out danger  of  stranding. 

Sea  valve.  Any  valve  attached 
to  the  outside  plating,  in  com- 
munication with  the  sea. 

Seam.  The  line  where  the  edges 
of  plates  or  planks  meet  when 
joining  each  other. 

Seam  strap.  A  narrow  plate  used 
to  cover  a  butt  seam. 

Section.  A  drawing  representing 
the  internal  parts  of  a  vessel  as 
if  she  had  been  cut  straight 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


through,  either  longitudinally  or 
athwartships. 

Sector  or  slide  sweep.  A  piece  of 
metal,  in  form  of  a  sector  of  a 
circle,  sliding  between  two  up- 
right columns,  forming  part  of  the 
valve  motion  of  an  oscillating 
engine. 

Sediment.  The  particles  deposited 
from  water  in  a  ship's  boiler, 
etc. 

Seize.  To  secure,  as  to  fasten 
two  ropes  or  different  parts  of 
the  same  rope  together  with  a 
binding  of  small  rope  or  yarn. 

Seizing.  A  piece  of  marline,  house- 
line,  etc.,  by  which  two  ropes 
are  bound  together;  the  eye  on 
one  rope  secured  to  another 
rope,  etc. 

Self -lubricating  bearing.  A  bear- 
ing fitted  with  a  self-acting 
lubricator,  or  one  lubricated  by 
sea  water. 

Semi-box  orlop  beam.  A  beam 
of  box-like  construction,  as 
made  by  two  channels  and  a 
plate  or  two  bulb  angles  and  a 
plate.  They  are  located  in  the 
hold  and  are  extra  stiff  in  a 
fore-and-aft  direction. 

Sennit.  A  cord  of  from  three  to 
nine  or  more  threads  formed 
of  rope  yarns  or  spun  yarns, 
plaited  by  hand  in  various 
modes,  and  then  called  "  com- 
mon sennit,"  "round  sennit," 
"  French  sennit,"  "square  sen- 
nit," etc. 

Sennit  valve,  alarm  valve.  A 
very  small  relief  valve  on  the 
boilertop,  to  give  alarm  in  case 


the  safety  valve  should  prove 
defective  and  the  steam  gauges 
not  indicate  the  pressure. 

Serve  (to  serve  rope).  To  bind 
rope  round  with  canvas  and  line. 

Serving.  The  material  with  which 
a  rope  is  served;  spun  yarn,  rope 
yarn,  marline,  etc. 

Serving  board.  A  small  wooden 
tool  used  to  serve  small  ropes 
for  which  a  serving  mallet 
would  be  too  large. 

Serving  cord.  Cord  for  wrapping 
about  a  rope  or  splice.  The 
three  chief  kinds  are:  Marling, 
one  strand;  House  line,  three 
strands  (light) ;  Round  line, 
three  strands  (heavy). 

Serving  mallet.  A  wooden  tool 
employed  for  serving. 

Set.  A  metal  template  around 
which  a  frame  is  bent  (used  on 
a  bending  slab). 

Set  hammer.  A  hammer  used  in 
giving  a  shape  its  final  form. 

Set  iron.  A  bar  of  soft  iron  used 
on  bending  blocks  in  shaping 
frames. 

Set  up.  To  take  up  the  shrouds 
so  that  they  have  an  even  and 
proper  strain. 

Shackle.  A  link  with  a  movable 
bolt,  by  means  of  which  two 
lengths  of  chain  cable  are 
joined  or  separated.  Blocks 
have  a  special  form  of  shackle, 
made  by  extending  the  strops 
beyond  the  end  opposite  the  eye 
and  passing  a  bolt  through  holes 
in  the  end  of  the  strop. 

Shacklebolt.  A  bolt  that  goes 
through  a  shackle. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


79 


Shacklebolt  pin.  An  iron  or 
wooden  pin,  driven  through  one 
eye  of  a  shackle  and  through 
the  headless  end  of  the  shackle- 
bolt,  to  prevent  the  latter 
starting. 

Shade  deck.  A  deck  of  very  light 
construction,  erected  above  the 
main  deck  of  a  vessel  as  a  pro- 
tection from  sun  and  rain. 

Shade-deck  vessels.  Vessels  hav- 
ing a  continuous  upper  deck  of 
light  construction,  with  open- 
ings on  sides. 

Shaft,  spare.  An  extra  tail  shaft. 
(Steamers  generally  carry  one 
or  more  stowed  in  the  shaft 
alley.) 

Shaft  bearing,  bearing  of  a  shaft. 
That  part  of  a  shaft  in  contact 
with  the  bed;  also,  the  bed  in 
which  it  revolves. 

Shaft  coupling.  The  means  of 
connecting  any  two  lengths  of 
shafting. 

Shaft  hole  of  a  propeller  post.  The 
aperture  into  which  the  stern 
tube  is  fitted,  through  which  the 
propeller  shaft  passes  and  in 
which  it  revolves.  See  Plate 
XXVII. 

Shaft  of  an  anchor.  The  main 
shank  or  leg. 

Shaft  stools.  The  foundations  to 
which  the  shaft  bearings  are 
bolted. 

Shaft  tunnel,  shaft  alley.  The  pas- 
sage enclosing  engine  shaft;  ex- 
tends from  engine-room  after 
bulkhead  to  the  stuffing-box 
bulkhead.  See  Plate  XXXII. 


Shank  of  an  anchor.  The  body  of 
the  anchor  extending  through 
the  anchor  beam  to  the  crown 
or  arms. 

Shapes.  Steel  bars  of  various 
cross-sections.  See  Plate  LIX. 

Shears.  An  erection  of  two  or 
more  spars,  the  lower  ends 
spreading  apart,  the  upper  ends 
connected  and  fitted  with 
tackles,  etc.,  for  lifting  heavy 
weights.  Used  on  a  vessel's 
deck  or  quay  for  hauling  where 
no  crane  is  available  for  such 
purpose.  A  machine  or  tool 
for  cutting.  See  Plate  XLVIII. 

Shearing.  Cutting  or  trimming 
the  edges  of  steel  members. 

Sheathing.  A  covering  of  sheets 
of  yellow  metal,  copper,  or  zinc, 
or  of  boards;  takes  its  name 
from  the  material  used.  The 
sheathing  serves  as  a  protection 
from  the  sea  worm  and  prevents 
fouling. 

Sheave  (of  a  block).  The  disc  of 
hard  wood  or  metal  in  a  block 
which  revolves  with  the  work- 
ing of  the  rope  or  chain  pass- 
ing over  it. 

Sheave,  a  dead  sheave.  A  half 
sheave  inserted  anywhere  for 
ropes  to  pass  over,  while  fixed 
in  its  position  and  not  revolving. 

Sheave  holes.  Oblong  apertures  in 
masts,  spars,  booms,  etc.,  in 
which  sheaves  revolve,  and 
through  which  ropes  or  chains 
travel. 

Sheepshank.  A  certain  kind  of 
knot,  usually  put  in  a  rope  to 
shorten  it. 


8o 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDINGlTERMS 


Sheer.  The  curve  of  a  vessel 
formed  by  the  line  of  her  upper 
deck  at  the  sides.  If  the  fore 
end  of  the  deck  is  4  feet,  and  the 
after  end  2  feet  above  the  mid- 
ships level,  she  would  have  a 
mean  sheer  of  3  feet 

Sheer  batten,  sheer  pole.  An  iron 
bar  fixed  in  a  fore-and-aft  direc- 
tion to  the  lower  portion  of  the 
shrouds  of  lower  rigging,  etc.,  to 
prevent  such  rigging  turning. 

Sheer  plan.  The  drawing  in  which 
the  sheer  is  shown;  a  longitu- 
dinal section  through  the  keel 
showing  the  position  of  every 
point  with  respect  to  its  posi- 
tion fore  and  aft,  as  well  as  its 
height  above  the  keel. 

Sheer  plate.  Any  plate  in  a  sheer- 
strake. 

Sheerstrake.  A  strake  immediately 
below  the  sheer  line.  It  is  often 
of  thicker  planking  than  the 
other  strakes  in  wooden  ships. 

Sheerstrake.  The  uppermost 
strake  of  plating  in  the  top- 
side of  a  vessel;  also,  the  upper- 
most strake  covering  the  out- 
side of  forecastle,  poop  and 
raised  quarter  deck  frames. 

Sheerstrake  plate.  Any  plate  form- 
ing part  of  a  sheerstrake. 

Sheet  anchor.  The  most  powerful 
anchor  carried  by  a  ship,  and 
popularly  supposed  to  be  used 
only  as  a  last  resource. 

Shell  doubling.  An  extra  plate 
added  to  strengthen  the  shell. 

Shell  landings.  The  lap  of  the 
strakes  or  courses  of  the  shell 
plating. 


Shell  liners.  Pieces  of  plate  be- 
tween the  frames  and  the  out- 
side strake  of  plating,  tapered  in 
the  case  of  clinker  plating,  and 
where  the  outside  strake  is  not 
joggled  the  liner  is  simply  a 
piece  of  flat  bar  of  the  same 
width  as  the  frame  flange,  and 
extends  all  the  way  between  the 
edges  of  the  inside  strakes.  See 
Plate  LIX. 

Shell  plating.  The  plating  on  out- 
side of  hull  of  ship.  See  Plate 
XXIX. 

Shelter  deck.  The  upper  deck  in 
shelter-deck  vessels.  See  Decks. 

Shelter-deck  beams.  The  beams 
on  which  a  shelter  deck  is  laid. 

Shifting  beam.  A  beam  to  sup- 
port a  hatch  cover.  The  ends 
rest  in  sockets  on  the  inside  of 
the  hatch  coaming,  therefore 
easily  movable. 

Shift  of  butts.  The  arranging  of 
joints  so  they  do  not  come  op- 
posite one  another,  "  a  good 
shift "  meaning  joints  well 
placed  to  give  strength. 

Shifting  boards.  A  light  or  port- 
able bulkhead  on  the  center  line 
of  the  ship,  fitted  in  place  when 
a  ship  is  carrying  grain  or  any 
cargo  that  would  otherwise 
shift  with  the  rolling  of  the  ship. 

Ship.    A  full  square-rigged  vessel. 

Ship  chandler.  A  person  or  firm 
dealing  in  ship  commodities  or 
provisions  necessary  for  a  ship's 
use  on  a  voyage. 

Ship  fitter.  A  mechanic  who  makes 
templates,  marks,  assembles, 
and  fastens  in  place  plates 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


81 


and  shapes  for  the  hull  of  a 
ship.  Should  be  able  to  do  any 
fitting  on  ship. 

Shipwright.  A  ship  builder,  or 
one  who  works  about  a  ship. 
Does  wood  carpentry  on  a  ship 
and  keeps  ship  faired.  Builds 
launching  ways  and  launches 
ship. 

Shore.  A  strong  piece  of  timber 
used  in  any  manner  as  a  sup- 
port for  some  object  needing  it. 
See  Plates  IV  and  VI. 

Shoring.  The  act  of  supporting 
anything  by  shoring  it  up. 

Short-link  chain.  A  term  used 
to  describe  a  chain  cable  having 
links  without  studs. 

Short  splice.  The  union  of  the 
ends  of  ropes  made  by  tucking  the 
strands  of  each  end  abreast  of 
one  another.  (This  gives  a  thick 
bunchy  splice  that  is  chiefly 
used  for  straps,  slings,  etc.  It 
would  "  jam  "  in  a  block.) 

Shroud.  A  stay  run  from  side  to 
masthead  to  support  mast. 

Side  (of  a  ship).  Term  applied  to 
the  exterior  of  the  outside  plat- 
ing or  planking  from  the  level 
of  the  upper  deck  down  to  the 
bilge. 

Side  bar  keel.  A  keel  formed  by 
riveting  a  bar  (or  thick  plate) 
to  both  sides  of  a  vertical  keel. 
The  garboard  strakes  flange 
down  and  rivet  to  it. 

Side  bitt  (of  a  windlass).  Either 
one  of  the  two  bitts  to  which 
a  windless  is  framed,  to  bear  the 
strain. 


Side  bunker,  side  coal  bunker.    A 

bunker  situated  in  the  side  of 
a  steamer,  usually  abreast  of  the 
boilers. 

Side  girders.  Girders  fitted  be- 
tween the  center  girders  and 
the  margin  plates  of  double 
bottoms. 

Side  girder  angle  bar.  An  angle 
bar  used  in  connection  with  side 
girders. 

Side  girder  plate.  Any  plate  used 
in  the  construction  of  a  side 
girder. 

Side  intercostal  keelson.  A  keel- 
son located  between  center  keel- 
son and  the  bilge  and  built  of 
vertical  plates  between  the 
floors  in  connection  with  a  side 
keelson  upon  the  floors  or  with 
the  tank  top. 

Side  intercostal  stringer.  An  in- 
tercostal stringer  fitted  above  a 
bilge  stringer. 

Side  intercostal  stringer  angle 
bar.  An  angle  bar  connecting 
a  side  intercostal  stringer  plate 
to  the  shell  plating.  (Note. — 
The  angle  on  the  inner  edge  is 
called  a  face  angle.) 

Side  keelson.  A  girder  placed 
about  midway  between  the  mid- 
dle line  and  the  bilge  keelson, 
similar  in  construction  to  the 
bilge  keelson. 

Side  light.  A  thick  piece  of  round 
glass  framed  and  inserted  in 
the  side  of  a  vessel,  side  of  a 
deck  house,  etc. 

Side  lights.  Lights  used  to  show 
that  a  vessel  is  under  way:  a 
red  light  on  the  port  side  and  a 


82 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


green  light  on  the  starboard 
side. 

Side-light  screens.  Two  open  cas- 
ings of  wood  or  iron,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bulwarks  or 
superstructure  of  a  vessel,  for 
the  reception  of  the  side  lights, 
so  constructed  and  placed  that 
the  lights  are  not  seen  across 
the  bows. 

Side  pieces,  side  bars.  Bars  to  fit 
a  corrugated  furnace. 

Side  plating.  The  plating  cover- 
ing the  sides  or  main  body  of  a 
vessel,  or  the  sides  of  a  bridge, 
a  poop,  etc. 

Side  scuttle.  An  opening  or  hatch- 
way in  the  side  of,  the  ship  to 
discharge  garbage,  etc. 

Side  stringer.  A  stringer,  com- 
posed of  angle  bars  or  any  other 
material,  fitted  in  one  -  decked 
vessels  about  midway  between 
the  deck  and  the  bilge;  in  ves- 
sels having  several  decks,  be- 
tween the  lower  deck  or  hold 
beams  and  the  bilge  stringer. 

Siding  of  a  beam,  floor,  or  frame. 
Its  dimension  measured  in  a 
fore-and-aft  direction. 

Siding  of  a  keel,  keelson,  stem,  or 
sternpost.  Its  dimension  athwart- 
ships. 

Signal  flags.  A  set  of  flags  that 
represent  the  alphabet,  generally 
used  with  a  code.  Any  flag  may 
be  used  to  signal  with;  as,  for  in- 
stance, an  ensign  hoisted  upside 
down  means,  "  We  are  in 
distress." 

Sill.  The  stone  foundation  im- 
mediately under  the  gates,  at 


the  entrance  of  a  dry  or  wet  dock. 
Also,  the  bottom  of  a  port  frame, 
the  coaming  forming  the  founda- 
tion of  a  deck  house,  poop,  etc.,  or 
that  portion  of  the  coaming  under 
the  foot  of  a  door. 

Single  block.  A  block  containing 
only  one  sheave. 

Single  crank.  A  shaft  with  but 
one  crank  web. 

Single-ended  boiler.  A  boiler 
fired  from  one  end  only. 

Single-expansion  engine.  An  en- 
gine in  which  the  steam  ex- 
pands in  one  cylinder  only. 

Single-plate  keelson.  A  keelson 
having  but  a  single  plate  in 
cross  section. 

Single-plate  rudders.  Rudders  in 
which  a  single  plate  is  fitted  be- 
tween and  riveted  to  the  sup- 
porting arms.  The  plate  may 
engage  in  a  groove  cut  down 
the  back  of  rudder  stock. 

Single  riveting.  The  connection 
of  edges  or  butts  of  plates,  etc., 
by  a  single  row  of  rivets. 

Sister  block.  A  block  having  two 
sheave  holes,  one  above  the 
other. 

Sister  hook.  A  hook  consisting 
of  two  parts  on  a  common  eye. 
When  closed  they  form  a  seem- 
ingly solid  eye. 

Sister  keelson.  Long  pieces  of 
timber,  connected  endwise  by 
scarphs,  placed  on  each  side  of 
a  main  keelson,  and  extending 
as  far  forward  and  aft  as  prac- 
ticable, for  the  purpose  of  giv- 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


ing  additional  strength  at  the 
middle  line  of  a  vessel. 

Sister  keelson  bolts.  Bolts  used 
to  fasten  a  sister  keelson  hor- 
izontally to  the  middle  line  keel- 
son and  vertically  to  the  floors. 
They  are  used  a  trifle  less  in 
size  than  the  middle  line  bolts. 

Skeg  of  a  keel,  keel  skeg.  A  skeg 
is  the  heel,  or  extreme  after  end 
of  the  keel,  which  in  some  ves- 
sels projects  slightly  abaft  the 
sternpost.  (Used  to  support 
heel  of  rudder.) 

Skeleton  of  a  vessel.  The  hull 
without  the  outside  and  inside 
plating  or  planking. 

Skid  beams,  boat  skids.  Beams 
supported  by  stanchions  above 
the  bulwarks,  often  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel,  for 
boats,  spars,  etc.,  to  be  stowed 
on. 

Skids.  A  framework  hung  over 
a  vessel's  side  during  loading 
and  discharging,  to  prevent 
casks  or  similar  cargo  chafing 
the  side  of  the  vessel. 

Skiff.  A  long  lightly  built  boat, 
sometimes  employed  in  match 
rowing. 

Skin.  The  outside  or  inside  cov- 
ering of  the  frame  of  a  vessel 
by  plating  or  planking. 

Skylight.  A  framing  of  wood  or 
metal,  fitted  over  an  aperture 
in  a  deck,  with  window-glass  in- 
serted for  the  admission  of  light 
into  a  cabin,  engine  room,  crew 
space,  etc. 

Skylight  coaming.      The  framing 


of  woodwork  or  metal  forming 
the  base  of  a  skylight. 

Skylight  cover.  A  protection  of 
canvas,  cut  to  required  shape 
and  sewn  together. 

Skylight  grating.  Guards  of  brass 
or  other  metal  protecting  the 
windows  in  a  skylight. 

Slack.  The  looseness  of  ropes, 
rigging,  etc.,  not  firmly 
stretched. 

Slab,  bending.  The  cast-iron  floor 
in  front  of  plate  and  angle  fur- 
nace where  the  frames  are 
heated  and  bent.  See  Plate 
XXXI. 

Slack  away,  to.  To  pay  out  a 
rope;  to  render  or  let  a  rope  run 
out  carefully. 

Sleeve.  A  brass  liner  encircling 
any  shaft;  often  found  on  a 
propeller  shaft. 

Sleepers.  Heavy  timbers  beneath 
the  cribbing  for  keel  blocks. 
See  Plate  I. 

Slide  valve.  A  valve  that  slides 
in  its  seat  instead  of  rising  or 
rolling;  a  sliding  piece  in  the 
steam  chest,  regulated  to  move 
back  and  forth  over  the  ports  at 
the  end  of  the  cylinder  and  con- 
nect them  alternately  with  the 
boiler  and  the  exhaust,  thus  im- 
parting a  reciprocating  motion 
to  the  piston. 

Slide  valve  balance  cylinder.  See 
Balance  cylinder. 

Slide  valve  casing,  slide  valve 
box,  slide  valve  chest.  The  cast 
metal  receptacle  in  which  a 
slide  valve  works.  In  small  en- 
gines it  is  generally  cast  in  one 


84 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


piece  with  the  cylinder;  in  large 
engines  it  is  usually  a  separate 
casing,  and  fastened  to  the  cyl- 
inder by  screw  bolts. 

Slide  valve  casing  door,  steam- 
chest  cover.  The  cover  by  which 
a  slide  valve  casing  is  closed. 

Slide  valve  face.  The  smooth  sur- 
face of  a  slide  valve,  that  glides 
over  the  ports  of  a  cylinder. 

Slide  valve  gear,  valve  gear.  A 
term  given  collectively  to  all 
the  parts  operating  a  slide  valve. 

Slide  valve  link,  valve  link,  re- 
versing link.  The  bar  or  piece 
of  machinery  in  connection  with 
the  upper  end  of  the  eccentric 
rods  and  the  lower  end  of  the 
valve  rod. 

Slide  valve  packing  ring.  A  ring 
inserted  at  the  back  of  a  slide 
valve  to  keep  it  up  to  the  cyl- 
inder face. 

Slide  valve  rod,  valve  rod,  slide 
valve  spindle.  The  rod  in  con- 
nection with  a  slide  or  expan- 
sion valve  and  the  reversing 
link. 

Slide  valve  rod  eye.  An  eye  in 
bottom  end  of  valve  rod.  Con- 
nects rod  to  link. 

Slide  valve  rod  eye  bolts.  Bolts 
for  removing  slide  valve. 

Slide  valve  rod  nuts.  Nuts  for  ad- 
justing travel  of  rod. 

Slide  valve  spring.  Spring  holding 
valve  in  position. 

Sliding  ways.  That  part  of  launch- 
ing ways  "  which  travels  with 
ship  when  launched."  See  Plate 
XVI. 


Sling.  A  length  of  chain  or  rope, 
with  a  tackle  or  the  chain  of  a 
crane,  etc.,  attached,  for  lifting 
or  lowering  goods. 

Slip.  The  loss  at  each  revolution 
made  by  a  screw  propeller  or 
paddle  wheel  due  to  their  not 
advancing  the  distance  they 
would  if  no  resistance  were  of- 
fered to  their  forward  motion; 
the  inclined  plane  upon  which 
a  vessel  is  built  or  repaired. 

Sloop.  A  vessel  with  one  mast 
like  a  cutter,  but  having  a  jib 
sail  which  a  cutter  has  not. 

Slop  shute.  A  shute  for  discharg- 
ing garbage  clear  of  ship's  side. 

Slot  link.  A  reversing  or  slide 
valve  link  in  form  of  a  slotted 
bar. 

Sludge  hole,  mudhole.  An  aper- 
ture in  front  of  the  boiler,  just 
above  the  bottom,  through 
which  deposited  mud  is  removed. 

Sluice.  An  aperture  in  the  lower 
part  of  a  vessel's  bulkhead,  fit- 
ted with  a  sliding  door  worked 
from  above,  by  the  opening  or 
closing  of  which  water  may  be 
admitted  or  the  flow  stopped. 

Sluice  cock,  sluice  valve.  A  cock 
or  valve  fitted  to  a  watertight 
bulkhead  for  shutting  off  or  al- 
lowing the  flow  of  bilge  water 
towards  the  pumps. 

Sluice  valve  rod,  sluice  valve  spin- 
dle. A  rod  by  which  a  sluice 
in  a  watertight  bulkhead,  etc.,  is 
opened  and  shut. 

Slush.  Floating  grease  left  after 
boiling  meat  on  board  ship,  and 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


used  for  lubrication  or  to  grease 
standing  rigging. 

Smoke  box.  The  casing  on  front  of 
boiler  joining  it  to  uptake.  See 
Plate  XXXVIII. 

Smoke-box  door.  A  door  by  which 
smoke  box  is  closed.  Gives  ac- 
cess to  tubes  for  cleaning.  See 
Plate  XXXVIII. 

Smoke  sail.  A  canvas  screen  be- 
fore the  funnel  of  a  galley, 
cabin,  crew  space,  etc.,  to  pre- 
vent the  smoke  being  driven 
about,  causing  dirt  and  annoyance. 

Snaffle  or  shaffle.  A  collar  with 
open  ends,  one  of  the  fittings 
of  a  boom  to  its  mast. 

Snap  rivet.  A  rivet  driven  with  a 
snap  die.  (Has  a  round  or  but- 
ton head.) 

Snatch  block.  A  block  hinged  on 
one  side  of  the  shell,  which 
opens  to  allow  the  bight  of  a 
rope  to  be  laid  over  a  sheave, 
to  avoid  the  passing  of  the  end 
through  the  block. 

Snifting  valve.  A  small-sized  valve 
fitted  to  a  condenser  to  per- 
mit the  escape  of  air  and  water 
ejected  by  the  steam  when 
"  blowing  through/'  closing  au- 
tomatically to  prevent  any  com- 
munication between  the  at- 
mosphere and  the  interior  of 
the  condenser. 

Snubbing.  Bringing  a  vessel  up 
suddenly  with  an  anchor  and 
short  cable;  to  check  a  line  or 
cable  from  running  out  by  hold- 
ing a  turn  about  bitts,  cleat  or 
pin. 

Snug.    A  hinge  in  a  rudder. 


Snug  fit.  A  close,  neat  fit  of  parts 
put  together. 

Sole.  A  cabin  deck  is  sometimes 
called  by  this  name. 

Sole  piece  (of  a  stern  frame).  The 
bottom  piece  joining  rudder  post 
and  sternpost  when  they  are  built 
of  separate  pieces  scarphed  to- 
gether; the  piece  of  keel  between 
the  sternpost  and  the  propeller 
post. 

Sole  plate.  A  foundation  plate  to 
which  the  base  of  an  engine  or  a 
pump,  etc.,  is  bolted. 

Solid  hatches.  Hatchway  covers 
composed  of  close  jointed 
planks  or  boards,  sheet  iron,  or 
steel,  thus  differing  from  hatch 
gratings. 

Sounding  lead.  The  lead  weight 
used  on  a  sounding  line. 

Sounding  line.  A  weighted  line 
for  determining  depth  of  water. 

Sounding  pipes.  Pipes  about  two 
inches  in  diameter,  extending 
from  the  upper  deck  into  the 
well  or  double  bottom,  into 
which  a  sounding  rod  is  dropped 
to  ascertain  the  depth  of  water. 

Sounding  rod.  A  light  iron  rod 
about  two  to  four  feet  in  length 
used  in  the  sounding  pipes. 

Spacing  of  beams.  The  distance 
apart  of  beams  in  the  same  tier, 
in  small  vessels  about  40  inches, 
in  large  ships  48  to  52  inches 
apart.  In  the  case  that  iron  and 
steel  decks  are  fitted  without  a 
wood  flat  in  them,  there  is  usu- 
ally a  beam  to  every  frame. 


86 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Spacing  of  rivets.  The  distance 
from  the  center  of  one  rivet 
hole  to  the  center  of  the  next, 
depending  on  the  diameter  of 
the  rivets  and  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  employed. 

Span.  A  rope  bent  so  as  to  form 
two  legs. 

Spanish  windlass.  A  rig  made 
with  a  piece  of  line  and  a  hand- 
spike or  a  belaying  pin  so  that 
by  twisting  the  middle  part  the 
ends  will  be  drawn  nearer  to- 
gether. 

Spanner.  A  wrench;  a  tool  made 
to  grip  and  turn  special  fittings 
about  a  pump  or  an  engine,  as 
a  hose  spanner  is  used  to  screw 
up  hose  couplings. 

Spar.  A  general  term  for  any 
shaped  piece  of  timber  em- 
ployed as  a  mast,  bowsprit,  yard, 
boom,  gaff,  etc.,  or  intended  for 
such  use. 

Spar  deck.  An  upper  deck, 
stronger  than  an  awning  deck 
but  not  so  heavy  as  a  prome- 
nade deck. 

Spar-decked  vessel.  A  vessel  con- 
structed with  the  deck  above  the 
main  deck  heavier  than  in  an 
awning-decked  vessel,  but  not 
so  heavy  as  in  a  full  three- 
decked  vessel. 

Spare  bunker,  spare  coal  bunker. 
A  bunker  in  which  coal  is  kept 
in  reserve. 

Spare  gear.  Shafts,  valves,  rods, 
brasses,  boiler  tubes,  bolts,  nuts, 
etc.,  kept  in  reserve. 

Speaking  tube.  A  tube,  leading 
from  one  part  of  the  vessel  to 


another,  through  which  orders 
or  messages  are  conveyed;  as 
from  the  deck  to  the  engine 
room,  etc.  See  Plate  XXXIII. 

Spectacle  frames.  Frames  of  spe- 
cial shape  to  allow  passage  way 
for  propeller  shaft  in  twin-screw 
vessels. 

Speed-control  valve.  A  valve  to 
give  convenient  control  of  en- 
gine speed.  See  Plate  XLIII. 

Spirketting.  The  first  strake  of 
inside  planking  immediately 
above  a  waterway,  somewhat 
thicker  than  the  common  'twixt- 
deck  ceiling.  Those  inside  of 
an  upper-deck  waterway,  inside 
of  a  poop  or  a  forecastle,  are 
termed  respectively  (in  wooden 
ships)  spirketting  of  forecas- 
tle, spirketting  of  poop. 

Spirketting  plate.  A  vertical  plate 
stringer  fitted  immediately  above 
the  lower  deck  or  the  hold  beams, 
against  the  frames,  to  which  it  is 
riveted.  Rarely  met  with  except 
in  some  composite  vessel.  A  plate 
in  line  with  shell  plating  and  ex- 
tendng  above  forecastle  deck. 
Sometimes  called  waist  plate. 

Splice.  A  method  of  joining  ropes 
by  interweaving  the  strands. 

Split  pillar.  A  double  pillar,  fit- 
ted for  the  reception  of  shifting 
boards. 

Sponson  or  sponsing.  Reinforce- 
ment between  the  paddle  box 
and  the  vessel's  side,  in  a  pad- 
dle-wheel steamer. 

Sponson  beam,  spring  beam.  A 
longitudinal  girder,  placed  on 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


the  extremity  of  the  paddle 
beams,  serving  with  the  latter 
to  support  the  paddle  box. 

Sponson  deck.  Term  given  to  the 
platform,  usually  consisting  of 
close-jointed  planks  or  strong 
battens,  laid  and  fastened  on 
joists  fitted  between  the  super- 
beams  and  the  side  of  a  paddle 
steamer. 

Spot  face.  To  smooth  off  the  sur- 
face around  the  top  or  bottom 
of  a  hole. 

Spread.  The  distance  at  right  an- 
gles to  the  center  line. 

Spring.  The  amount  of  curvature 
in  a  sheer  line;  i.e.,  the  rise  given 
a  deck  as  it  runs  forward  or  aft. 

Spring  line.  A  line  run  from  a 
vessel  to  a  dock  so  as  to  hold 
vessel  from  going  ahead  or 
astern.  In  the  first  case  it  leaves 
vessel  well  forward  and  runs  to 
a  point  on  the  dock  nearly 
abreast  the  stern.  In  the  second 
case,  the  reverse  is  true.  Lines 
so  run  are  often  used  to  help 
swing  a  vessel  clear  of  a  dock. 

Spritsail.  A  boat  sail  extended 
by  a  sprit.  Formerly  carried 
under  the  bowsprit  of  sea- 
going vessels. 

Sprung.  A  mast  or  spar  is  said 
to  be  "sprung"  when  cracked; 
or  a  vessel  when  hitherto  tight, 
but  suddenly  discovered  to  be 
making  water. 

Spun  yarn.  A  thin,  yarn  made  of 
two  or  three  yarns,  twisted  to- 
gether by  a  spun-yarn  reel. 

Spur  beams.  Pieces  of  timber  or 
iron  or  steel  girders,  extending 


from  the  ends  of  the  sponson 
beam  in  a  diagonal  direction 
to  the  main  body  of  a  paddle 
steamer  as  supports  of  the  pad- 
dle beams. 

Spur  of  bulwark  stay.  The  diag- 
onal cross-piece  on  a  bulwark 
stay. 

Spur  shore.  A  slanting  brace  on 
either  side  of  ship  or  ways. 

Square  body  frames.  Those  with 
a  great  curvature  forming  the 
middle  part  of  the  skeleton  of 
a  vessel. 

Square  stern.  A  stern  which 
meets  the  water  at  a  right  angle, 
cut  off  square  on  deck  line. 

Stability.  The  tendency  in  a  boat 
to  keep  the  upright,  or  to  re- 
turn to  it  when  careened  over. 

Stage.  A  platform  of  boards  or 
planks,  hung  in  ropes  or  other- 
wise supported,  for  a  person  to 
stand  upon  when  cleaning, 
scraping,  or  painting  the  out- 
side or  inside  of  a  vessel. 

Stanchion.  A  fixed  upright 
support.  See  Plate  XV. 

Standard.  A  knee  or  bracket 
placed  above  the  object  to  which 
its  horizontal  arm  is  bound,  i.e., 
in  an  inverted  position. 

Standing  rigging.  The  ropes  by 
which  the  masts,  bowsprit,  jib- 
boom,  etc.,  are  supported. 

Staples.  Angles  around  shapes 
and  connected  to  plate,  fitted 
watertight.  See  Plate  XL. 

Starboard  side.  The  right-hand 
side,  looking  from  aft  forward. 

Starting  cock.  A  cock  fitted  on 
the  low-pressure  cylinder  (in 


88 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


absence  of  a  starting  valve)  for 
supplying  steam  from  the  start- 
ing steam  pipe  to  said  cylinder 
to  assist  in  starting  the  engine. 

Starting  gear.  The  lever,  screw, 
or  wheel,  rods,  etc.,  by  means 
of  which  an  engine  is  started 
ahead  or  astern. 

Starting  lever.  A  lever  acting 
upon  the  gear  by  means  of 
which  an  engine  is  started. 

Starting  valve,  auxiliary  valve. 
A  valve  fitted  on  the  cylinders 
for  the  purpose  of  admitting 
steam,  either  for  effecting  or 
expediting  the  starting  of  the 
engine. 

Starting  valve  gear.  The  levers, 
rods,  etc.,  by  which  a  starting 
valve  is  opened  or  shut. 

Stateroom.  A  place  for  lodging 
in  a  ship's  cabin;  passenger's 
room. 

Staunch.  A  word  used  in  charter- 
parties,  and  meaning  that  a 
vessel  is  firm,  sound,  and  strong. 

Stays.  Bars  used  for  binding  or 
supporting  or  holding  parts 
together. 

Stays.  Supports  of  hemp  or  wire 
by  which  masts  and  spars  are 
supported. 

Steam-chest  cover  bolts,  valve- 
casing  door  bolts.  The  bolts 
by  which  the  door  or  cover  of  a 
steam  chest  is  secured  to  the 
casing  or  chest. 

Steam  cock.  Any  cock  by  means 
of  which  steam  is  supplied  or 
shut  off;  for  instance,  the  steam 
cock  on  a  water  gauge  column. 


Steam  jacket.  An  outer  casting 
surrounding  a  cylinder.  The 
free  space  between  the  cylinder 
and  the  jacket  is  kept  filled  with 
steam,  to  maintain  an  equal 
temperature  of  the  cylinder. 

Steam  port,  admission  port.  The 
channel  through  which  the 
steam  enters  a  cylinder  from 
the  valve  casing. 

Steam  reducing  valve.  A  self- 
acting  valve  placed  in  a  steam 
pipe  to  supply  steam  for  use, 
where  it  is  required,  at  a  lower 
pressure  than  it  issues  from  the 
boiler. 

Steam  seals  around  spindle.  A  de- 
vice in  a  turbine  to  hold  pres- 
sure. 

Steam  steering  gear.  The  steam 
engine  and  its  connections  used 
for  controlling  a  vessel's  rud- 
der. In  large  vessels  steam 
power  is  supplied'  to  assist  the 
helmsman. 

Steam  reversing  gear.  Term  ap- 
plied where  steam  is  used  to 
handle  reversing  mechanism  on 
reciprocating  marine  engine. 

Steam  waste  pipe,  steam  escape 
pipe.  A  pipe  extending  from  the 
deck  nearly  to  the  height  of  the 
funnel,  to  which  it  is  attached 
and  into  which  the  steam  from 
the  safety-valve  pipe  passes  and 
escapes  into  the  open  air. 

Steamway.  The  passage  in  a 
steam  pipe,  or  the  steam  ports 
in  a  cylinder,  through  which  the 
steam  is  conducted. 

Steam  windlass.  A  patent  wind- 
lass worked  by  steam. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


89 


Steel  boiler.  A  boiler  made  of 
steel  plates  riveted  together. 

Steel  mast.  A  mast  built  of  iron 
or  steel  plates,  bent  and  riveted 
together  to  form  a  hollow  cyl- 
indrical column,  usually  strength- 
ened inside  by  vertically  fitted 
angle  bars.  See  Plate  XLIX. 

Steeler  plate.  A  plate  taking  two 
strakes,  used  near  either  end. 

Steep  tub.  A  tub  in  which  salted 
provisions  are  steeped  in  water 
before  cooking. 

Steerage.  That  part  of  a  vessel 
having  the  poorest  accommoda- 
tions and  occupied  by  the  steer- 
age passengers,  or  those  paying 
the  lowest  fare. 

Steerage  way.  Progress  through 
the  water  sufficient  for  a  vessel 
to  answer  the  helm;  i.e.,  so  that 
the  turning  of  the  rudder  will 
make  the  ship  move  round  in 
the  desired  direction. 

Steering  chain.  A  chain  connect- 
ing quadrant  to  steering  wheel. 

Steering  gear.  All  of  the  parts, 
fittings,  etc.,  communicating 
with  the  rudder  head,  by  means 
of  which  a  vessel's  rudder  is 
turned  and  controlled. 

Steering  quadrant.  A  heavy  piece 
of  iron  or  steel  in  quadrant 
shape,  fitted  on  the  rudder  head 
of  a  vessel. 

Stem.  The  heavy  piece  of  iron  or 
steel  usually  extending  in  one 
length  from  the  keel  to  above 
the  upper  or  forecastle  deck, 
and  forming  the  extreme  fore 
end  of  a  vessel.  See  Plate 
XXVIII. 


Stem  cap.  A  small  plate  on  top 
of  a  stempost. 

Stem  piece.  A  piece  of  timber,  or 
chock,  fitted  as  a  filling  piece 
(if  required)  between  the  stem 
and  a  knighthead  in  wood  ship. 

Stem  plate.  A  plate  fitted  flat 
against  the  inside  of  the  lower 
portion  of  the  stem,  in  com- 
posite vessels,  for  additional 
strength. 

Stem  rivet.  A  rivet  by  which  the 
forehood  ends  of  the  outside 
plating  are  fastened  to  the  stem. 

Stemson.  A  curved  timber  be- 
hind the  apron  of  a  vessel,  and 
supporting  its  scarphs. 

Stemson  bolt.  A  bolt  connecting 
a  stemson  to  a  sternpost;  or 
connecting  a  stemson  to  an 
apron. 

Step  of  a  mast.  A  piece  or  com- 
bination of  pieces  of  timber, 
iron,  or  steel  forming  a  bed  un- 
der the  foot  of  a  mast. 

Step.  To  set  in  place  as  applied 
to  a  mast. 

Stern.  The  after  end  of  a  ship, 
that  portion  above  the  counter 
and  abaft  the  sternpost. 

Stern  bushing.  A  short  tube  of 
mixed  metal,  inserted  in  the 
after  end  of  a  cast-iron  stern 
tube,  usually  lined  with  strips 
of  lignum-vitae,  and  serving  as 
a  bearing  for  the  propeller  shaft 
of  a  screw  steamer. 

Stern  casting  or  frame.  A  heavy 
steel  casting  or  forging  at  stern 
of  vessel  supporting  the  rudder 
and  to  which  the  shell  plate 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


strakes  are  fastened.  See  Plate 
XXVII. 

Stern  molding.  Battens  and  sculp- 
ture used  for  ornamenting  the 
stern  plating  or  planking. 

Stern  pipe.  A  round  or  oval  aper- 
ture in  the  upper  part  of  a  ves- 
sel's stern  above  an  upper  deck, 
poop  deck  or  raised  quarter 
deck,  for  passing  mooring 
chains,  warps,  etc.,  through  for 
mooring  the  after  end  of  a 
vessel. 

Stern  plating.  The  plating  cov- 
ering the  outside  of  stern. 

Sternpost.  The  principal  mem- 
ber of  a  vessel's  stern  frame. 
See  Plate  XXVII. 

Sternpost  plate.  A  plate  fitted 
against  the  lower  portion  of  the 
stern,  or  inner  post,  in  a  com- 
posite ship. 

Sternpost  rivet,  propeller  post 
rivet.  A  rivet  by  which  the  after 
hood  end  of  the  outside  plating 
is  riveted  to  a  Sternpost  or  pro- 
peller post. 

Stern  tube.  The  tube  through 
which  propeller  shaft  turns.  It 
makes  a  watertight  connection 
between  the  stuffing  box  and  the 
propeller  post. 

Stern  tube  stuffing  box.  A  stuff- 
ing box  on  the  inner  end  of  the 
stern  tube,  at  the  after  -  peak 
bulkhead. 

Stern  tube  flange.  A  flange  on 
forward  end  of  stern  tube  bolted 
to  bulkhead. 

Stern  tube  nut.  A  nut  in  form  of 
a  ring,  fitted  on  the  after  side 


of  a  propeller  post,  keeping  the 
stern  tube  in  position. 

Stern  wheel.  The  wheel  by  which 
a  stern-wheel  steamer  is  pro- 
pelled. 

Stern-wheel  steamer.  A  steamer 
propelled  by  a  paddle  wheel  at 
the  stern. 

Stiff,  stiffness.  The  quality  of  sta- 
bility possessed  by  a  vessel;  in 
other  words,  the  capability 
under  sail  to  keep  the  upright, 
or  return  to  it  when  keeled  over. 

Stiffeners.  Shapes  fastened  to 
plates  for  reinforcements.  See 
Plate  XXV. 

Stiffening.  Any  heavy  substance 
taken  on  board  a  vessel  for  the 
purpose  of  making  her  stiff. 

Stirrups.  In  a  square  rig,  short 
ropes  hanging  from  the  yards 
and  supporting  the  foot  ropes. 

Stockless  anchor.  An  anchor 
without  a  stock.  Most  modern 
anchors  are  stockless. 

Stocks.  The  inclined  framework 
of  timber  in  a  shipbuilding  yard 
upon  which  a  vessel  rests  while 
under  construction  and  from 
which  she  is  launched. 

Stock  of  a  rudder.  The  upper  part 
upon  the  head  of  which  the 
tiller  is  set. 

Stock  of  a  bowsprit.  That  part 
at  the  foot  which  is  held  by  the 
bitts. 

Stokehold.  The  place  in  the 
boiler  room  of  a  steamer  from 
whence  the  boilers  are  fired, 
etc. 

Stokehold  bulkhead.      The  bulk- 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


head  separating  the  boiler  space 
from  a  thwartships  bunker. 

Stokehold  flooring.  The  flooring 
in  a  stokehold,  usually  iron 
plates,  raised  up  from  the  tank 
top.  See  Plate  XXXVIII. 

Stokehold  ventilator.  A  ventilator 
fitted  over  the  stokehold  of  a 
steamer. 

Stomach  piece.  Another  name  for 
apron  (in  wood  ships). 

Stool,  shaft.  A  foundation  for 
holding  shaft  bearing. 

Stools  of  steam  winch  pipes. 
Small  blocks,  usually  of  cast 
iron,  fastened  at  intervals  upon 
a  steamer's  deck  and  in  which 
steam  winch  pipes  are  bedded. 

Stop.  Any  contrivance  to  arrest 
the  action  of  moving  parts. 

Stopper,  stoppering.  To  check  or 
hold  fast  any  rope. 

Stopcock.  Any  cock  used  to  con- 
trol the  passage  of  steam  or 
water. 

Stop  valves.  Valves  fitted  to  cut 
off  the  supply  of  steam,  or  to 
close  steam  communication  be- 
tween boilers  and  cylinders,  or 
between  the  latter  and  a 
condenser. 

Stopwater.  A  packing  of  felt  or 
canvas  and  red  lead  to  prevent 
water  from  passing  through 
between  metal  parts,  where 
caulking  is  impracticable  (in 
steel  ships). 

Stopwater.  A  wooden  plug, 
driven  through  the  joint  of  a 
keel  scarph,  etc.,  to  prevent  wa- 
ter percolating  into  the  vessel 
(in  wood  ships). 


Storm  valve.  A  check  valve  in  a 
pipe  opening  above  the  water 
line  in  a  ship. 

Stow.  To  stow  or  pack  cargo 
so  that  it  will  not  shift  as  the 
vessel  rolls. 

Stowage.  The  proper  placing  and 
securing  of  cargo  in  a  vessel 
so  that  it  will  not  shift  and  pro- 
duce a  dangerous  condition  or 
excessive  strain. 

Strainer,  strum.  A  perforated 
plate,  wire  cloth  or  any  object 
fitted  to  allow  the  entry  or  exit 
of  water  but  preventing  the 
passing  of  any  refuse  matter. 

Streak,  strake,  stroke.  A  continu- 
ous range  of  plating  or  plank- 
ing extending  all  fore  and  aft, 
or  from  end  to  end  of  a  vessel. 

Stringer.  A  longitudinal  stiffener 
for  the  side  of  a  ship,  made  of 
angle  bar,  bulb  angle,  channel, 
or  plates,  etc.  See  Plate  XIII. 
At  first  they  were  considered 
of  great  importance,  but  in 
modern  practice  the  need  for 
them  has  been  met  by  making 
the  transverse  framing  heavier, 
and  sometimes  by  placing  a  rub- 
bing strip  on  the  side  plating. 

Strum  box.    See  Rose  box. 

Strut.  Strips  of  flat  iron  used  to 
brace  one  part  with  another. 

Stud.  A  pin  projecting  from  or 
fitted  between  anything,  as  the 
stud  of  a  chain  cable  link. 

Studbolt,  studpin.  A  stud  thread- 
ed at  both  ends,  one  end  of 
which  is  screwed  into  a  fixed 
part,  and  having  a  nut  upon  the 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


other  end,  used  for  securing 
cylinder  cover,  movable  propel- 
ler blades,  etc. 

Stud-link  chain.  A  chain  having 
a  stud  across  the  middle  of  each 
link,  for  extra  strength. 

Stuffing  box.  A  box  or  fitting 
round  a  shaft,  rod,  etc.,  packed 
with  some  substance  to  make 
the  aperture  in  which  it  moves, 
steam,  air  or  watertight.  See 
Plate  XXXVI. 

Stuffing-box  bulkhead.  The  after 
peak  bulkhead,  so  called  be- 
cause the  propeller  shaft  stuffing 
box  is  riveted  to  it.  It  usually 
extends  to  the  same  height  as 
the  collision,  stokehold,  and 
engine-room  bulkheads.  The 
stern  tube  is  flanged  and  through 
this  bulkhead  to  stuffing  box. 

Stuffing-box  gland.  A  piece  which 
retains  packing  in  stuffing  box. 

Stuffing-box  studs.  Studs  which 
hold  gland  in  position. 

Submarine.  Anything  below  the 
surface  of  the  sea;  a  vessel  de- 
signed for  service  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  sea. 

Suction  pipe.  A  supply  pipe  to 
a  pump. 

Suction  valve.  Any  self  -  acting 
valve  permitting  the  entry  of 
water,  steam,  or  gases  into  a 
pump  suction  pipe,  etc.,  but  pre- 
venting its  return. 

Sunk  forecastle.  A  forecastle 
partly  above  and  partly  below 
the  level  of  an  upper  deck. 

Sunk  poop.    A  poop  set  part  way 


down  into  the  'tween  decks.  In 
a  case  of  this  kind  the  poop  deck 
is  but  a  little  above  the  next 
deck  forward. 

Superheated  steam.  Steam  of 
higher  temperature  than  boiler 
steam.  Steam  is  superheated  to 
get  dry  steam  and  greater  effec- 
tiveness. 

Superheater.  A  contrivance  for 
the  purpose  of  superheating  the 
steam,  to  give  it  a  higher  tem- 
perature than  it  had  when  leav- 
ing the  boilers,  thus  depriving  it 
of  water  held  in  suspension,  be- 
fore it  passes  into  the  main 
steam  pipe  on  its  way  to  the 
cylinder. 

Superstructure.  Any  structure 
built  above  the  top  full  deck, 
such  as  deck  house,  bridge,  etc. 

Surface  condenser.  A  condenser 
containing  a  multitude  of  small 
copper  or  brass  tubes  through 
which  cold  water  is  continu- 
ously forced  by  the  circulating 
pump  to  condense  the  steam 
coming  in  contact  with  the 
outer  surface  of  the  tubes.  In 
some  cases  the  steam  is  passed 
through  the  tubes  while  cool- 
ing water  circulates  about  them. 

Swash  plate.  A  plate  fitted  in  a 
tank  to  retard  the  flow  or  surge 
of  a  liquid  cargo  or  ballast  when 
the  ship  rolls  or  pitches. 

Swivel  block.  A  block  having  a 
swivel  hook,  enabling  the  block 
to  be  turned  in  any  direction. 

Symbols.  Marks  of  identification. 
See  Appendix. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


93 


Tack,  to  tack.  To  come  about; 
that  is,  to  change  direction  of 
sailing  with  respect  to  the  wind. 
When  a  ship  is  sailing  so  that 
the  wind  striking  her  sails 
comes  from  over  her  starboard 
side,  she  is  said  to  sail  on  a 
starboard  tack;  and  when  the 
wind  comes  over  the  port  side 
she  is  said  to  be  sailing  on  a 
port  tack. 

Taffrail.  The  portion  of  a  raised 
quarter  deck  rail  or  main  poop 
rail  (as  the  case  may  be)  round 
the  after  end  of  either. 

Tail  end  shaft,  tail  shaft,  propel- 
ler shaft,  screw  shaft,  stern 
shaft.  The  aftermost  length  of 
shafting  in  a  screw  steamer,  on 
to  the  outer  end  of  which  the 
screw  propeller  is  fixed. 

Tail  plate.  A  plate  to  cover  the 
rudder  port  and;  fitted  in  halves 
and  secured  with  hexagon-head 
bolts  to  the  counter  plating  so 
as  to  be  easily  removable  to  per- 
mit shifting  the  rudder  for  re- 
pairs. See  Horseshoe  plates. 
See  Plate  XV. 

Tanks.  Are  of  two  kinds:  First 
those  built  in  permanently,  and 
part  of  the  ship's  structure,  used 
for  the  reception  of  water  bal- 
last, fuel,  oil,  or  liquid  cargo; 
second,  those  constructed  spe- 
cially, and  removable  if  neces- 
sary. These  vary  greatly  in  size 
and  shape  and  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  used.  Tanks  in 
boats  are  built  in  airtight  to 
give  buoyancy  and  prevent  sink- 
ing, if  capsized. 


Tank  top  plating.  Plating  fitted 
over  the  top  of  the  floors.  See 
Plates  IX  and  XXI. 

Tank  vessel.  A  sailing  vessel  or 
steamer  specially  constructed 
and  installed  with  tanks  for 
carrying  petroleum,  etc.,  in 
bulk. 

Tap.  To  cut  threads  inside  of  a 
hole. 

Tap.    A  tool  for  tapping. 

Tap  rivet.  A  rivet  with  screw 
thread  and  a  counter-sunk  head 
that  is  provided  with  a  square 
stud  which  is  chipped  off  flush 
after  rivet  is  placed. 

Tarpaulin.  A  canvas  cover  well 
filled  with  tar,  oil,  and  paint. 

Taunt.  Spoken  of  the  masts  and 
spars  of  a  vessel  when  very 
high. 

Taut.     Stretched  tight. 

Tee  bulb  bar.  A  tee  bar  with  bulb 
on  toe  of  web. 

Tee  bulb  beam.  A  beam  made 
of  a  tee  bulb  bar. 

Tee  iron,  tee  bar.  Bar  iron  with 
cross-section  like  letter  T.  See 
Plate  LIX. 

Telegraph.  An  apparatus  placed 
on  a  bridge  or  other  elevated 
deck  and  in  communication  with 
the  engine  room,  wheel  house, 
etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  rapidly 
conveying  commands  to  the 
engineer.  See  Plate  XXXIII. 

Telltale  of  a  rudder.  An  instru- 
ment placed  on  a  rudder  head, 
or  somewhere  in  front  of  the 
helmsman,  to  indicate  the  posi- 
tion of  the  rudder  in  the  water. 
See  Plate  XXXIII. 


94 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Template,  templet.  A  board  cut 
and  marked  to  show  the  proper 
curve  of  timbers  or  framing. 
Also  gives  form  of  plates  and 
shapes,  the  location  of  holes, 
etc.  Templates  are  often  built 
up  of  thin  strips  of  wood  or 
made  of  heavy  paper.  See 
Plate  LII. 

Temporary  bulkhead.  A  bulk- 
head fitted  for  temporary  pur- 
poses. 

Tenon.  Any  piece  of  material  so 
cut  as  to  fit  into  a  mortise. 

Test  cocks.  Cocks  to  ascertain  the 
height  of  water  in  a  boiler. 
Three  are  generally  fixed  on  the 
back  plate,  or  the  water  gauge 
column,  one  leading  into  the 
steam  space,  one  to  the  ordinary 
water  level,  and  one  below  the 
same. 

Thick  strake.  A  strake  of  plank- 
ing thicker  than  the  neighbor- 
ing strakes. 

Thick  strakes  of  ceiling.  Strakes 
of  greater  thickness  than  the 
ordinary  ceiling,  often  fitted  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  hold,  cov- 
ering the  long  and  short  floor 
heads,  for  extra  strength. 

Thimble.  A  small  metal  eye  or 
ring,  concave  on  its  outer  diam- 
eter, in  which  a  cringle  of  sail 
or  rope  is  laid. 

Tholes.  Pegs  fitted  into  holes  in 
a  boat's  gunwale,  and  between 
which  oars  are  placed  while 
rowing. 

Tholeboard.  Short  flat  pieces  of 
wood  fitted  on  the  gunwale  of 
a  boat  to  strengthen  the  parts 


into  which  the  rowlocks  or  the 
tholepins  are  inserted. 

Tholepins.  Wooden  or  iron  pins 
used  in  place  of  rowlocks. 

Throat.  That  part  of  a  boom  or 
gaff  immediately  behind  the 
jaws. 

Throttle  valve.  A  flat  disc  valve, 
usually  fitted  in  a  main  steam- 
pipe  near  the  valve  chest,  to 
shut  off  the  steam  from  the 
cylinders  or  diminish  the 
supply.  See  Plate  XXXV. 

Throttle  valve  gear.  Levers, 
rods,  spindles,  etc.,  by  means  of 
which  a  throttle  valve  is  opened 
or  shut. 

Throttle  valve  lever.  A  lever  by 
which  action  is  communicated 
to  the  throttle  valve.  See  Plate 
XXXV. 

Throttle  valve  rod.  A  rod  con- 
necting throttle  to  wheel  or 
lever  for  controlling  engine. 

Throttle  valve  spindle.  The  spin- 
dle on  which  the  disc  in  a  throt- 
tle operates. 

Through  fastenings.  Bolts  or  tree 
nails  driven  through  both  the 
planks  and  timbers  of  a  vessel. 

Thrust  bearing.  See  Thrust  block. 

Thrust  block.  A  bearing  for  tak- 
ing up  the  end  thrust  of  the 
propeller  shaft  to  keep  this  end 
movement  off  the  crankshaft 
bearings.  It  is  fitted  just  aft 
of  the  engine.  See  Plate  XXXV. 

Thrust  collars.  Collars  turned  up 
on  thrust  shaft.  See  Plate 
XXXV. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


95 


Thrust  recess.  An  enlargement  of 
the  shaft  tunnel  at  the  engine- 
room  bulkhead. 

Thrust  shaft.  A  section  of  main 
line  shaft  fitted  with  collars  to 
run  in  thrust  bearing.  See 
Plate  XXXV. 

Thrust  sheaves.  See  Thrust  col- 
lars. 

Thwart.  Athwart  means  across, 
and  in  a  boat  the  seats  are  called 
the  thwarts,  because  they  are 
placed  across  or  athwart  the 
boat. 

Thwartships  bunker.  A  portion  of 
the  main  hold  or  the  'tween- 
decks  of  a  steamer  on  the  fore 
side  of  the  stokehold  bulkhead, 
separated  from  them  by  a  bulk- 
head extending  from  side  to  side 
of  the  vessel,  used  as  a  spare 
bunker,  or  a  cargo  compartment. 

Tie  rod.  A  rod  serving  to  tie  or 
hold  opposite  parts  together. 

Tie  plank.  A  plank  used  to  hold 
sliding  ways  until  ship  is 
launched. 

Tie  plates.  Narrow  strips  of  plate 
fitted  where  there  is  no  steel 
deck  to  tie  the  beams  together. 

Tiller.  An  arm  for  controlling  a 
rudder.  In  general  use  on  small 
boats. 

Tiller   ropes.     Ropes   to   operate 

tiller. 

Tilt  hammer.  A  power  hammer 
having  a  head  mounted  on  the 
end  of  a  lever,  that  is  raised 
by  a  cam  and  delivers  a  blow 
by  gravity,  usually  assisted  by 
the  spring  of  the  lever. 


Timbers,  ship's.  Any  of  the  tim- 
bers used  in  the  building  of  a 
vessel,  as  beams,  ribs,  floors, 
etc. 

Toggle.  A  wooden  pin,  usually 
tapered  at  both  ends,  and  its 
middle  part  spliced  into  a 
becket,  serving  as  a  key,  when 
passing  through  the  eye  of  a 
rope,  in  the  bunghole  of  a  water 
cask,  etc. 

Tomahawk.  A  tool  used  in  finish- 
ing a  rivet. 

Tonnage.  The  capacity  or  the 
cubical  contents  of  a  vessel  or 
any  of  her  compartments  or 
superstructures,  one  ton  being 
estimated  at  100  cubic  English 
feet. 

Top  blocks.  Cap  blocks  or  keel 
blocks  placed  between  wedges 
and  keel. 

Top  blocks  of  main  bearings. 
Blocks  that  hold  shaft  down  in 
bearings. 

Top  grating.  The  top  platform 
about  engine  or  boiler. 

Top  of  tank.  The  cover  of  iron 
or  steel  plates  on  a  tank.  It  is 
always  fitted  with  manholes 
giving  entrance  to  the  interior. 

Topside  plating.  The  side  plat- 
ing of  a  vessel  above  the  load 
line. 

Torpedo.  A  steel  plug  forced 
through  a  pipe  to  expand  lead 
tubing  for  lining. 

Towboat,  tugboat.  A  small 
steamer  with  powerful  engines, 
specially  built  for  towing  ves- 
sels. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Tow  rope.  The  rope  by  which 
the  vessel  is  towed. 

Transmitting  shaft,  driving  shaft. 
Any  shaft  which  communicates 
motion  to  other  shafts  or  parts 
of  machinery. 

Transoms.  Timbers  used  in  the 
construction  of  a  square  stern, 
extending  in  a  horizontal  direc- 
tion from  "  fashion  timber  "  to 
"  fashion  timber,"  and  scored 
into  the  sternpost  (in  wood 
ships). 

Transom  plate.  A  kind  of  floor, 
several  being  fitted  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  after  extremity  of  a 
vessel,  and  extending  from  side 
to  side  of  the  stern  to  support 
the  counter.  See  Plate  XL 

Transport.  A  ship  owned  or  hired 
by  a  government  to  convey 
troops,  horses,  military  or  naval 
stores,  etc.,  to  their  place  of 
destination;  the  conveyance  in 
a  vessel  of  passengers,  goods, 
etc. 

Transverse.  At  right  angle  to  the 
keel. 

Transverse  bulkhead.  A  bulkhead 
placed  athwartships. 

Travel  of  a  piston.  The  distance 
a  piston  moves  in  a  cylinder  to 
or  fro. 

Trawler.  A  fishing  vessel  with  a 
ground-sweeping  net. 

Tread.  The  length  of  a  vessel's 
keel. 

Trend  of  an  anchor.  That  part  of 
the  shank  where  its  thickness 
increases,  about  one-third  of  its 
length  from  the  crown. 


Trestletrees.  Flat  pieces  of  wood 
or  steel  at  a  masthead  support- 
ing the  crosstrees  and  topmast. 

Trim.  A  term  used  to  describe  the 
the  state  of  a  vessel  as  to  bal- 
last; the  position  of  a  vessel 
in  the  water  with  respect  to  the 
horizontal. 

Trimming  tanks,  peak  tanks. 
Tanks  at  the  extreme  ends  of  a 
vessel.  By  filling  or  emptying 
one  or  the  other,  a  ship  may  be 
easily  trimmed  by  the  head  or 
stern,  as  required. 

Triple-expansion  engine.  An  en- 
gine in  which  the  steam  ex- 
pands gradually  and  succes- 
sively through  three  cylinders. 
First  supplied  to  a  high-pressure 
cylinder;  after  its  use  there, 
passing  into  an  intermediate 
cylinder  at  a  lower  pressure; 
thence  for  still  further  expan- 
sion and  work  into  a  low- 
pressure  cylinder,  and  finally  to 
the  condenser. 

Triple  riveting.  To  fasten  by 
three  rows  of  rivets. 

Triping.  A  distortion  of  the  web 
in  a  frame  by  the  strain  put 
upon  it  by  the  plating. 

Trough  tool.  A  tool  for  smooth- 
ing the  edges  of  an  angle. 

Truck.  A  small  piece  of  cylindri- 
cal shaped  wood,  placed  on  the 
summit  of  a  mast,  with  a  little 
sheave  on  one  side  over  which 
a  signal  halliard  is  rove. 

Trundle  head.  The  circular  head 
of  a  capstan  into  which  the  bars 
are  fixed  for  turning. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


97 


Trunk  cabin.  A  cabin  half  above 
and  half  below  the  upper  or 
spar  deck. 

Trunk  bulkhead.  A  structure  of 
plating  which  entirely  sur- 
rounds the  engines  and  boiler 
openings  of  a  steamer,  also  the 
cargo  hatchways  in  some  ves- 
sels, and  extends  in  height  from 
one  deck  to  another. 

Trunk-deck  vessels.  Vessels  with 
a  hatchway  extending  nearly  the 
entire  length,  fitted  with  coam- 
ing 7  to  9  feet  high  and  decked 
over.  A  type  of  construction 
used  for  grain,  ore,  and  occa- 
sionally for  oil. 

Trunk  engine.  An  engine  with 
one  end  of  the  connecting  rod 
attached  to  the  gudgeon  on  the 
inside  center  of  a  "  trunk,"  i.e., 
a  large  tube  encircled  by  the 
steam  cylinder,  through  which 
it  has  a  to-and-fro  motion  coin- 
ciding with  that  of  the  piston, 
to  dispense  with  the  use  of  a 
piston  rod  and  crosshead. 

Trunk  hatchway.  The  space  en- 
closed by  a  trunk  bulkhead,  fit- 
ted between  any  two  hatch- 
ways situated  vertically  to  each 
other. 

Truss.  To  truss  or  truss  up  is  to 
brail  up  a  sail  quickly,  which  is 
done  with  a  truss  rope  or  line. 

Tube  expander.  An  instrument 
used  to  expand  boiler  tubes  in 
a  front  or  back  tube  plate  of  a 
boiler  to  make  them  fit  close 
and  tight. 

Tube  plate.  A  plate  at  or  near 
the  end  of  a  boiler,  condenser, 


superheater,  etc.,  with  apertures 
into  which  the  ends  of  tubes 
are  inserted  and  fixed.  See 
Plate  XXXVII. 

Tube  plug  stopper.  Any  contriv- 
ance used  to  stop  a  leaky  tube 
in  a  boiler  or  condenser. 

Tubular  boiler,  fire  tube  boiler.  A 
boiler  in  which  the  tubes  are 
surrounded  by  water,  the  heat 
passing  through  them. 

Tuck  plate.  A  flat  plate  fitted  to 
the  sternpost  and  flanged  to 
take  strakes  of  stern  plating. 

Tumbler.  A  fitting  between  the 
jaws  of  a  gaff  to  prevent  its 
chafing  the  mast.  Sometimes 
called  a  clapper. 

Tumbling  blocks.  Blocks  inside 
the  eye  or  quadrant  block. 

Tumbling  blocks  quadrant  slip- 
pers. Brass  pieces  fitted  to  take 
the  wear  of  quadrant. 

Tumble  home.  The  inboard  curve 
of  topside  plating. 

Tunnel,  shaft  tunnel.  A  water- 
tight structure  about  4  to  7  feet 
in  height,  somewhat  less  in 
breadth,  according  to  the  size 
of  the  vessel.  It  extends  from 
engine  room  to  after-peak  bulk- 
head and  gives  access  to  the 
propeller  shaft  line  bearings. 
See  Plate  XXXII. 

Tunnel  cock  or  water-service 
cock.  A  cock  fitted  on  the  shell 
plating  of  a  vessel  to  admit  a 
supply  of  water  from  the  sea 
to  different  parts  of  the  shaft- 
ing to  cool  the  bearings. 

Tunnel  frames.  The  curved  or 
half  -  circular  angle  bars  by 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


which  the  tunnel  plating  is  sup- 
ported, and  to  which  it  is  riv- 
eted, generally  spaced  2  to  4 
feet  apart.  See  Plate  XXXII. 

Tunnel  plating.  Plates  used  in 
the  construction  of  a  shaft 
tunnel. 

Tunnel  recess.  The  elevated  and 
extended  after  portion  of  a 
tunnel. 

Turbine.  A  form  of  engine  in 
which  all  driving  parts  rotate. 
There  are  various  types  in  ma- 
rine use.  See  Plates  XLIV, 
LIV-A  and  LVIII. 

Turbine  blading.  Metal  blades  set 
in  rotator  and  stator  to  trans- 
form the  impact  or  thrust  of  the 
steam  into  a  revolving  mechan- 
ical motion.  See  Plate  LIV-A. 

Turbine  rotator.  The  spindle  and 
the  discs  or  drum  that  turn  in  a 
turbine. 

Turbine  stator.  The  pieces  that 
fit  in  the  casing  and  hold  the 
stationary  blocking. 

Turn.  To  pass  a  rope  once  or 
twice  or  more  over  a  spar  or 
bitts,  etc. 

Turning  engine.  A  small  engine 
used  to  turn  the  main  engine. 

Turning  engine  engaging  screw. 
That  part  which  engages  turn- 
ing engines  with  main  engine. 
(Better  type  has  two  worms  and 
its  shaft  slides  with  engage- 
ment.) 

Turning  -  gear  wheel.  A  wheel 
mounted  on  coupling  at  rear  of 
engine  connecting  turning  en- 
gine with  main  engine.  See 
Plate  XXXV. 


Turret  ship,  turret-deck  vessels. 
A  ship  of  war  in  which  the 
heavy  guns  are  mounted  on  ro- 
tating and  covered  decks  called 
turrets;  cargo  ships  where  the 
sides  are  rounded  in  to  where 
the  main  deck  would  naturally 
come  and  then  carried  up  to  a 
narrow  deck,  called  the  turret 
deck. 

Turtle-back.  The  top  of  a  wheel- 
house,  forecastle,  etc.,  having 
the  form  of  a  turtle's  back. 

'Tween-decks  ceiling.  The  ceiling 
between  any  two  decks. 

Twine.  Strong  thread  used  in 
sail-making. 

Two  blocks,  chock-a-block.  One 
block  hauled  close  up  to  an- 
other, so  that  the  power  they 
give  is  destroyed  until  they  are 
separated. 

Union  jack.  In  the  United  States, 
the  blue  field  with  the  stars;  car- 
ried on  the  jackstaff  at  the  bow. 
In  Great  Britain,  a  blue  field 
with  the  crosses  of  St.  Andrew, 
St.  George,  and  St.  Stephen. 

Universal  joint.  A  joint  designed 
so  that  one  shaft  or  rod  can 
turn  another  that  is  not  in  line 
with  it. 

Upper  deck.  The  deck  above  a 
main  deck  in  a  ship,  exclusive  of 
bridge-poop,  raised-quarter,  and 
forecastle  decks. 

Upper  sheerstrake,  upper  -  deck 
sheerstrake.  The  strake  of  out- 
side plating  in  line  with  the 
upper  deck. 

Upper  stern.    Top  part  of  stern. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


99 


Upper  turn  of  bilge  stringer.  Dou- 
ble angle  bars  or  any  other 
form  of  stringer  fitted  in  the 
upper  turn  of  the  bilge. 

Upper  works  (old  term).  The 
same  as  freeboard  when  a  ves- 
sel is  loaded. 

Uptake.  The  part  connecting 
smokebox  to  funnel.  Sometimes 
the  term  is  used  to  include  the 
smokebox. 

Valve  quadrant.  Steel  bars  curved 
on  an  arc  and  forming  part  of 
reversing  gear.  See  Plate 
XXXVI. 

Valve  stem.  A  rod  on  which  a 
valve  operates. 

Valve-stem  guide  bracket  A 
bracket  supporting  a  valve-stem 
guide.  See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Valve-stem  stuffing  box.  A  stuff- 
ing box  on  end  of  valve  chest 
through  which  valve  stem 
works.  See  Plate  XXXVI. 

Vanes  or  vangs.  Ropes  extend- 
ing from  the  peak  of  a  gaff, 
sprit,  or  lateen  yard  to  the  side 
of  a  vessel,  to  steady  either  of 
these  when  hoisted  without  a 
sail,  as  is  often  the  case  in 
square-rigged  vessels  and  steam- 
boats. 

Ventilator.  The  arrangement  by 
which  fresh  air  is  introduced  to, 
and  foul  air  expelled  from,  any 
part  of  the  vessel.  Usually  con- 
structed in  tubular  form,  of 
large  size  and  made  of  sheet 
iron.  See  Plates  XXXVIII  and 
XXXIX. 


Ventilator  turning  gear.  The  hand 
wheel,  rod,  and  gear  wheel  for 
turning  ventilator.  See  Plate 
XXXVIII. 

Vertical  center  keelson.  A  keelson 
of  strong  vertical  plates  fitted 
at  the  middle  line  upon  a  flat 
plate  keel  and  to  which  the  (half) 
floor  plates  are  connected  by 
vertical  angle  bars.  See  Plate 
XIX. 

Vessel.  A  craft  which  requires  a 
licensed  master  (boats  do  not). 

Voice  tube.  A  tube  between  the 
pilot  house  and  the  engine  room 
for  speaking  purposes. 

Wale.  The  wale,  or  outer  wale,  of 
a  boat  is  the  strake  running  be- 
neath and  supporting  the  outer 
edge  of  the  gunwale,  some- 
times called  the  band  or  the  rub- 
bing piece. 

Warp.  A  rope  lighter  than  a 
hawser,  but  usually  the  same 
length.  Used  for  mooring  a  ves- 
sel in  port,  or  for  hauling  her 
into  some  desired  position. 

Warping  bridge.  A  bridge  at  the 
after  end  used  while  docking 
ship. 

Wash  plates.  Plates  fitted  ver- 
tically between  the  floors  about 
half-way  between  the  middle 
line  and  the  bilge,  serving  to 
check  the  wash  of  bilge  water 
when  the  vessel  is  rolling. 

Watches.  The  division  of  a  ship's 
company  into  two  divisions, 
called  the  starboard  watch  and 
the  port  watch.  A  day  (24 


IOO 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


hours)  is  divided  into  periods  of 
four  hours,  called  watches. 
(From  4  p.m.  to  8  p.m.  is  com- 
monly called  the  "  dog  watch.") 

Water  ballast.  Sea  water  used 
for  ballast,  let  into  the  double 
bottom,  or  into  a  water-ballast 
tank. 

Water-ballast  tank.  A  water- 
tight compartment  in  a  vessel, 
for  the  reception  of  water  as 
ballast,  when  required. 

Water  line  (light).  The  line  to 
which  a  vessel  is  submerged 
without  cargo  on  board. 

Water  line  (loaded).  The  line  to 
which  a  vessel  is  submerged 
with  full  cargo.  See  Plate 
XVIII. 

Watertight  bulkhead.  A  bulk- 
head that  will  not  let  water  pass 
from  one  side  of  it  to  the  other. 

Watertight  compartment.  A 
compartment  having  a  water- 
tight bulkhead  at  each  end. 

Water  tubes.  Tubes  used  in  tubu- 
lous  boilers,  i.e.,  being  sur- 
rounded by  fire,  while  through 
them  the  water  circulates  and 
is  converted  into  steam. 

Water-tube  boiler.  A  boiler  in 
which  the  tubes  are  surrounded 
by  fire  while  the  water  circu- 
lates through  them. 

Waterway.  A  gutter  at  the  edge 
of  a  deck  for  draining  off  water. 
See  Plate  XL 

Way.  A  term  variously  applied, 
as  "  headway "  when  making 
progress  through  the  water; 
"  getting  under  way "  when 
starting  from  one  port  for 


another;  "sternway"  when  going 
backward. 

Ways.  The  framework  of  timber, 
etc.,  on  which  a  vessel  is  built, 
and  from  which  she  is  launched 
into  the  water. 

A.  Ground  ways.    Stationary 
timbers  on  which  sliding 
ways   travel.     See   Plates 
XV  and  XVI. 

B.  Sliding     ways.     Timbers 
moving  with  the  ship  slid- 
ing over  the  ground  ways. 

Weather  bow.  The  bow  side 
against  which  the  wind  is 
blowing. 

Weather  brace.  The  brace  that 
runs  to  the  side  from  which  the 
wind  comes;  lee  (brace)  de- 
notes the  opposite.  Anything 
on  board  a  ship  may  be  so  des- 
ignated. 

Weather  deck.  A  deck  exposed 
to  the  wind  and  sea,  i.e.,  not 
fully  covered  by  a  deck  above 
with  side  plating  coming  up 
to  it. 

Weather  quarter.  The  quarter 
against  which  the  wind  is  blow- 
ing. 

Web.  A  plate-like  section  ex- 
tending between  thicker  parts. 

Web  frame.  A  frame  built  up 
transversely  with  a  plate  or 
plates  to  give  greater  stiffness. 
See  Plate  XXVI. 

Web-frame  angle  bars.  Angle 
bars  fitted  on  the  inside  of  a 
web  frame. 

Wedges.  Tapered  pieces  of  wood 
or  iron.  Used  extensively  to 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


IOI 


force  parts  into  place.  See 
Plates  IV  and  XVI. 

Weeping.  When  water  oozes 
through  the  seams  of  a  vessel's 
bottom,  or  a  steam  boiler,  etc., 
they  are  said  to  weep. 

Weigh   shaft.      A    shaft   forming 

'  part   of   the   reversing   gear   to 

which    motion    is    imparted    by 

the  reversing  shaft.     See  Plate 

XXXVI. 

Weigh-shaft  arms.  Arms  one  end 
of  which  are  fixed  on  the  weigh 
shaft,  the  other  being  in  con- 
nection with  the  draglink,  serv- 
ing to  convey  the  motion  of 
the  weigh  shaft  to  the  reversing 
link. 

Welding.  Connecting  two  sepa- 
rate pieces  of  steel,  iron,  or  other 
metal  so  that  they  become  all 
one  piece.  (For  Electric  and  Gas 
Welding,  see  Appendix.) 

Well.  That  portion  of  an  upper 
deck  (weather  deck)  between  a 
bridge  and  a  forecastle  bulk- 
head. 

Well-deck  vessel.  A  vessel  hav- 
ing a  long  poop,  or  raised  quar- 
ter deck,  and  the  bridge  house 
combined,  and  a  forecastle;  the 
deepening  between  these  struc- 
tures forming  the  "  well." 

Wet-bottomed  boiler.  A  boiler 
having  water  space  beneath  the 
furnace. 

Wet  dock,  wet  slip.  A  dock  where 
vessels  float  (not  a  drydock). 
Here  machinery  and  fittings  are 
put  on  board  and  dock  trials 
conducted. 


Whaler.  A  ship  employed  in  the 
whale  trade. 

Wharf.  A  structure  built  out 
from  the  shore  into  water  deep 
enough  to  permit  of  vessels 
coming  alongside. 

Wheel  house.  A  house  over  the 
wheel.  (Found  on  some  large 
sailing  ships  and  on  steamers 
where  the  hand  steering  wheel 
is  on  an  exposed  deck.) 

Whelps.  The  projecting  ribs  on 
the  barrel  of  a  capstan  or  wind- 
lass. They  enable  the  cable  to 
get  a  good  bite. 

Whip.  A  rope  rove  through  a 
single  block,  used  for  hoisting 
or  lowering  articles  of  light 
weight. 

Whistle  pull.  A  cord  in  the  pilot 
house  to  operate  the  whistle. 
See  Plate  XXXII. 

White  rope.  A  rope  in  the  lay- 
ing of  which  no  tar  has  been 
applied. 

Winch.  A  machine  used  for  load- 
ing and  discharging  cargo,  or 
for  hauling  on  lines.  Some 
winches  are  made  to  turn  by 
hand;  others,  by  steam  or  elec- 
tricity. 

Winch  head.  A  drum  (usually 
of  small  diameter  and  concave) 
on  a  winch.  Designed  for  taking 
and  holding  the  turns  of  a  rope. 

Winch  partners.  Angle  bars,  bulb 
bars,  plates,  pieces  of  timber, 
etc.,  fitted  fore  and  aft  under 
the  winches. 

Winder.  A  tool  for  pushing  a 
shape  around  on  bending  slab. 


IO2 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING  TERMS 


Windlass.  A  special  form  of 
winch  used  to  hoist  the  an- 
chors. It  has  two  drums  de- 
signed to  grab  the  links  of  the 
anchor  cables,  and  is  fitted  with 
ratchet  and  braking  device  suit- 
able for  "  paying  out  "  cable. 

Windlass  levers.  Iron  bars  in- 
serted in  the  crosshead  of  a 
windlass,  serving  to  work  the 
machine  by  hand  power. 

Wing  frames.  A  term  indiscrim- 
inately applied  to  side  frames. 
See  Plate  XXIV. 

Wing  girder.  The  girder  termi- 
nating the  side  of  a  wing  tank. 

Wing  girder  plate.  A  plate  form- 
ing part  of  a  wing  girder. 

Wing  tanks.  Tanks  (sometimes 
called  topside  tanks)  formed 
by  a  section  of  deck  and  top- 
side plating  and  a  fore-and-aft 
bulkhead  set  diagonally  from 
side  to  deck. 

Wing  transom.  The  transom  upon 
which  the  lower  stern  timbers 
step,  and  the  one  to  which  they 
are  tenoned. 

Working.  "  Working  parts,"  parts 
of  a  machine  that  move.  "  Work- 
ing loose,"  getting  loose  be- 
cause of  some  strain  or  vibra- 


tion; as,  a  rivet  works  loose, 
or  a  nut  works  off. 

Worm,  wormshaft.  A  short  screw- 
threaded  bar,  the  threads  of 
which  are  geared  into  the  teeth 
of  a  wheel,  which  is  driven  or 
turned  by  the  revolutions  of  the 
bar. 

Wrecking  blocks.  Large  heavy 
iron-strapped  blocks  with  lash- 
ing shackles,  used  for  rigging 
up  special  derricks  for  tempo- 
rary use  with  heavy  loads. 

Wrinkling.  Small  wave-like  de- 
formations in  a  plate  stringer. 

Wyper.  The  shaft  which  operates 
the  valve-lifting  arms  on  a  beam 
engine. 

Yarrow  boiler.  A  design  of  boiler 
invented  by  A.  F.  Yarrow.  Two 
heads  (cylinders)  are  connected 
by  small  tubes  to  a  steam  dome 
or  cylinder,  the  whole  taking 
the  form  of  a  huge  inverted 
"  V."  Water  in  the  tubes  is 
made  into  steam  by  heat  applied 
about  the  cylinders  and  tubes. 

Zee  bars.  Iron  bars  with  cross- 
section  like  letter  Z.  See  Plate 
LIX. 


APPENDIX  I 


A   LIST   OF   SHIPYARD  TRADES,  AND   THE  DUTIES   PER- 
FORMED BY  EACH. 

The  following  list  is  fairly  indicative  of  the  trades  employed  in 
steel  shipbuilding;  the  duties  will  vary  somewhat  with  particular  yard 
organizations. 


Accountants.  Men  or  women 
keeping  records  of  material, 
labor,  and  production. 

Anglesmiths.  Men  forming  and 
shaping  the  smaller  parts  of  the 
hull,  such  as  are  made  of  angle 
iron,  channel  iron,  etc. 

Auditors.  Men  or  women  check- 
ing up  the  costs  of  the  various 
departments  and  overhead  ex- 
penses. 

Blacksmiths.  Men  doing  a  large 
variety  of  work  in  some  yard 
shops,  such  as  tool  dressing, 
case-hardening,  tempering,  an- 
nealing, stamping,  pressing,  and 
the  heaviest  forging.  The  work 
varies  from  making  turbine 
blades  to  building  a  rudder  post. 

Boilermakers.  Men  making  Scotch 
boilers,  Yarrow  boilers,  con- 
densers, tanks,  and  uptakes. 

Bolters  up.  These  men  follow  the 
"  riggers "  or  assemblers  and 
precede  the  drillers,  reamers, 
and  riveters  in  the  work  of 
building  the  hull.  They  force 
plates  and  shapes  into  place 
and  secure  them  with  bolts  and 
nuts  so  as  to  make  possible 
drilling,  reaming,  and  riveting. 


Caulkers.  Men  making  seams 
and  joints  water-  and  oiltight 
by  swaging  the  metal  into  the 
space  between  the  parts.  (This 
is  done  by  special  tools  driven 
by  compressed  air,  and  is  called 
caulking.) 

Carpenters  (ship).  Men  building 
deck  houses,  when  of  wood, 
companionways,  furniture,  etc. 

Chaisers.  These  are  men  very 
familiar  with  all  kinds  of  work 
done  in  the  department  in  which 
they  work,  and  to  some  extent 
they  must  understand  the  na- 
ture of  work  done  by  co- 
operating departments.  Their 
business  is  to  follow  up  orders 
and  make  sure  that  stock,  etc., 
will  be  ready  when  required. 

Chippers.  Men  chipping  or  smooth- 
ing up  castings,  cutting  away  metal 
to  make  a  fit  on  plates  or  forms, 
using  generally  an  air  chipping 
hammer. 

Coppersmith.  A  marine  copper- 
smith is  able  to  make  or  shape 
a  large  variety  of  copper  pipe 
and  tubing.  He  must  be  able 
to  make  such  things  as  con- 


104 


APPENDIX  I 


denser  heads  and  large  sizes  of 
pipe  from  sheet  copper. 

Cranemen.  Men  operatinng  elec- 
tric cranes  on  the  ways  or  in 
the  shops. 

Cutters  or  burners.  Men  using 
acetylene  or  oxy  -  hydrogen 
torches  to  burn  out  or  cut  metal 
parts. 

Draftsmen.  Men  specializing  on 
drafting,  such  as  hull  or  engine 
work  or  electrical  installation, 
etc. 

Electricians.  Men  installing  on 
a  ship,  or  in  the  yard,  electrical 
apparatus  and  the  necessary 
wires  for  operation.  They  also 
make  repairs  on  electrical  equip- 
ment. Armored  cable,  conduit 
and  molding  are  used,  and  in 
many  respects  a  shipyard  elec- 
trician or  wireman  will  do  much 
the  same  work  as  outside  elec- 
tricians. 

Engineers.  Both  locombtive  and 
hoist  engineers  are  employed  in 
the  handling  of  shipbuilding 
material.  Stationary  engineers 
operate  yard  power  plants,  and 
marine  engineers  build  and  test 
marine  engines. 

Estimators.  On  contract  work 
these  men  make  out  the  con- 
tracts for  the  men  and  estimate 
the  amount  of  time  required  to 
do  the  job. 

Foundrymen.      Same    as    outside 

foundrymen. 
Furnacemen.      These    men    heat 

plates  and  forms  and  on  a  bend- 


ing floor  with  tools  and  tem- 
plates form  plates  and  shapes 
for  the  hull. 

Galvanizers.  Same  as  outside,  ex- 
cept that  the  pieces  galvanized 
are  larger  than  generally 
galvanized. 

Heaters.      Generally    boys,    who 

heat  rivets. 
Holders-on    (buckers    up).      Men 

who  hold  a  dollybar  or  hammer 

against  the  head  of  a  rivet  which 

is  being  "  driven." 

Inspectors.  Men  selected  to  in- 
spect and  test  parts  of  hull  and 
machinery. 

Layers-Out.  Men  laying  out  the 
work  to  be  done,  i.e.,  locating 
holes,  lines,  etc.,  on  the  ship  or 
parts  of  it. 

Loftsmen.  Men  working  in  a 
mold  loft  who  "  lay  down  "  the 
lines  of  a  ship  full  size  on  the 
floor  and  make  templates  from 
them. 

Machinists  (inside).  Same  as  ma- 
chinists in  other  industries,  ex- 
cept that  they  possibly  have  a 
greater  variety  of  work. 

Machinists  (outside).  These  men 
install  boilers,  engines,  auxiliary 
machinery,  etc.,  on  ships. 

Packers.  Men  placing  felt,  bur- 
lap, or  other  material  in  joints 
to  make  hull  watertight. 

Painters  (as  outside). 


APPENDIX  I 


IOS 


Passers.  Boys  passing  rivets  to 
holders-on. 

Patternmakers  (as  outside). 

Pipefitters.  Men  fitting  and  in- 
stalling steam  and  water  pipes 
on  board  ship. 

Pipe  coverers  (as  outside). 

Plumbers.  Men  installing  sani- 
tary pipe  lines,  bath  fixtures, 
etc.,  on  board  ship. 

Reamers.  Men  making  holes 
ready  to  receive  rivets.  They 
generally  use  a  reamer  driven 
by  compressed  air. 

Riggers.  Men  making  and  in- 
stalling the  standing  and  run- 
ning rigging  on  a  ship.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  men  who 
assemble  the  hull  or  place  heavy 
parts  in  position. 

Riveters.  In  general,  men  driving 
rivets.  A  snap  riveter,  one  driv- 
ing snap  rivets;  flush  riveter, 
one  driving  flush  rivets;  bull 


riveter,  one  who  operates  a  bull 
riveting  machine. 

Sailmakers.  In  a  steel  shipyard 
a  few  sailmakers  are  employed 
to  make  awnings,  spray  hoods, 
wind  shields,  etc. 

Sheet  metal  workers.  Much  as 
outside,  except  work  is  gener- 
ally more  difficult  and  heavier. 

Shipfitters.  Men  able  to  make 
and  assemble  parts  of  the  ship's 
hull,  lift  templates,  and  fit  foun- 
dations, hatch  coamings,  etc. 

Shipwrights.  Men  doing  a  great 
variety  of  work  about  the 
ship.  They  keep  it  fair  while 
building,  launch  her  when 
ready,  place  masts  and  booms 
in  position,  etc. 

Welders.  Men  making  a  specialty 
of  welding,  using  either  gas  or 
electricity. 


APPENDIX  II 

ELECTRIC  WELDING 

THE  art  of  welding  in  itself  is  not  new,  having  been  used  for  a  great 
many  years  in  all  classes  of  work.  The  first  method,  which  was  used 
for  several  centuries,  was  what  is  termed  the  blacksmith  or  forge  weld- 
ing. It  consisted  of  heating  the  metal  until  it  attained  a  plastic  state, 
and  then  the  joining  of  the  two  metals  by  hammering  them  while  under 
this  heat.  In  this  way  the  two  metals  were  united  and  formed  into 
their  proper  shape. 

When  it  was  found  that  heat  could  be  attained  considerably  quicker 
by  use  of  electricity,  the  attention  of  scientists  was  diverted  to  the 
proper  designing  of  machines  for  applying  heat  in  this  way,  in 
place  of  by  the  forge  method.  The  various  experiments  brought  out 
the  fact  that  electricity  could  be  applied  to  welding  in  several  different 
forms,  and  we,  therefore,  at  this  day  have  electric  welding,  divided  into 
two  main  methods,  namely,  the  Resistance  Welding  and  Arc  Welding. 

The  Resistance  Welding  is  again  subdivided  into  three  distinct 
branches,  called  Butt  Welding,  Spot  Welding  and  Seam  Welding. 

Again,  the  Arc  method  is  subdivided  into  two  distinct  branches  of 
Carbon  Arc  Welding  and  Metal  Arc  Welding. 

The  Metal  Arc  Welding  is  again  divided  into  a  process  whereby  the 
bare  metal  electrode  and  the  covered  metal  electrode  is  used.  This 
covered  metal  electrode  is  covered  with  fluxes  of  two  distinct  types, 
namely,  a  gaseous  flux  and  a  liquid  flux. 

The  Resistance  type  of  welding  is  a  very  near  approach  to  the 
original  blacksmith  welding.  The  surfaces  to  be  united  are  approxi- 
mately fitted,  brought  into  close  contact,  and  an  electric  current  cast 
of  sufficient  strength  to  bring  the  surfaces  to  welding  heat.  Then 
pressure  is  applied  to  force  them  into  contact  and  to  extrude  oxides, 
etc.,  as  far  as  possible.  The  heat  produced  by  the  passage  of  the 
current  is  greater  at  the  contact  surfaces  than  in  the  solid  metal, 
because  the  electric  resistance,  even  through  well-fitted  surfaces,  is 
much  greater  than  in  a  similar  length  of  solid  metal.  The  heat  is,  there- 
fore, localized  by  this  fact,  and  is  further  localized  by  using  clamping  elec- 
trodes, of  low  resistance,  which  hold  the  work  as  nearly  as  possible 
to  the  weld. 
1 06 


APPENDIX  II  107 

Alternating  current  is  always  employed  for  Resistance  Welding, 
because  of  the  high  current  at  low  voltage  requisite  to  produce  the 
proper  temperature. 

Where  time  and  economy,  especially  the  latter,  are  essential,  elec- 
tric Arc  Welding  may  be  used.  The  process  of  striking  the  Arc  by 
touching  the  work  with  the  carbon  metal  electrode  and  withdrawing 
it  to  a  distance  varying  with  the  current  used,  is  the  general  principle 
of  Electric  Arc  Welding. 

Instead  of  carbon,  a  rod  of  bare  metal,  approximately  similar  in 
constituence  to  the  metals  to  be  welded,  is  used  to  spring  the  arc. 
As  the  arc  temperature  with  metal  electrodes  is  considerably  lower 
than  the  carbon,  there  is  less  risk  of  burning  the  metal. 

One  side  of  the  electric  circuit  is  connected  to  the  work,  and  the 
other  side  goes  directly  to  the  bare  metal  electrode.  The  nature  of  the 
electric  current  flow  drives  the  molten  metal  from  the  electrode  to  the 
intersection  of  the  pieces  of  the  metal  to  be  welded  together. 

We  thus  have  a  system  which  is  extremely  important  to  ship- 
building construction,  as  it  is  not  necessary  to  lap  the  plates,  and, 
therefore,  a  butt  weld  may  be  used.  This  very  greatly  reduces  the 
amount  of  material  in  the  construction  of  the  ship. 

The  projection  of  the  metal  from  the  electrode  is  so  powerful 
that  vertical  and  overhead  welds  are  readily  and  safely  made,  a  task 
which  is  very  difficult  with  ordinary  oxy-acetylene  welding.  It  will 
be  noted  that  the  old  original  blacksmith  method  would  be  absolutely 
impractical  for  any  work  outside  of  the  shop. 

On  the  following  pages  we  illustrate  the  extent  of  nomenclature, 
which  has  been  approved  by  the  classification  society  as  being  requi- 
site to  the  proper  and  economic  describing  of  Electric  Arc  Welding 
by  the  technician  and  designer  in  the  drawing  rooms. 

The  first  sheet  headed  "  Instruction  Chart  with  Standard  Sym- 
bols "  shows  the  points  necessary  for  consideration  in  preparing 
drawings  and  designs,  and  also  the  manner  in  which  these  precau- 
tions must  be  considered.  It  further  shows  the  points  necessary  in 
specifications  followed  by  the  correct  symbols  to  be  used  on  the  blue 
prints  for  the  purpose  of  informing  the  operator  of  the  style  of  weld- 
ing which  he  is  to  use  on  the  actual  production  work.  It  then  goes 
on  to  show  the  necessary  points  to  be  considered  by  the  operator  in 
the  shop  and  in  the  field,  and  lastly  the  fundamental,  technical  instruc- 
tions which  every  arc  welding  operator  should  know  before  proceeding 
with  the  work 

From  the  second  to  the  seventh  sheets  are  illustrations  of  the 
various  subdivisions  of  the  symbols  as  used  in  the  draughting  room, 


108  APPENDIX  II 

with  a  condensed  explanation  of  each  symbol  and  name  given  in  the 
chart. 

In  the  last  five  sheets  of  illustrations  are  given,  in  a  condensed  form, 
the  combinations  that  these  symbols  may  be  put  to  for  describing 
welds  of  almost  any  and  all  descriptions.  By  a  very  careful  study  of 
these  various  combinations,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  each  symbol 
in  itself  gives  all  the  information  that  an  operator  must  have  to  prop- 
erly perform  his  work,  and  it  is  essential  that  the  operator,  as  well 
as  the  technician,  must  know  and  study  these  symbols  just  as 
carefully  as  the  present  day  iron  worker  must  know  the  symbols  of 
the  structural  department,  or  the  electrician  the  symbols  of  the 
electrical  drawing  room. 

WM.  C.  SCHRADER. 


APPENDIX  II 


109 


INSTRUCTION     CHART    WITH    STANDARD  6YMBQL5 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  1. 


no 


APPENDIX  II 


TYPE  OF  JOINT 


6TRAf> 


STIUP  weld  ia  one  in  tfhioh  the  se«a  of  (we 
adjoining  plates  or  surfaces  ia  reinforced  by 
any  form  or  shape  to  add  strength  and  stability 
to  the  Joint  or  plate.     In  this  form  of  weld 
the  seam  can  only  be  welded  from  the  side  of  the 
worfc  opposite  the  reinforcement,  and  the  reta» 
foroement  of  whatever  shape  toast  be  welded  frott 
the  side  of  the  work  to  which  the  relnforceqmt 
is  applied* 


BUTT 


SYMftQ*. 


D 


^* 


EtTTT  weld  is  one  in  whioh  two  plates  or 
surfaces  are  brought  together  edge  to  edge  and 
welded  along  the  seam  thus  formed.     The  trwo 
plates  when  so  welded,  form  &  perfectly  flat 
plane  in  themsolres  excluding  the  possible 
projeotive  caused  by  other  IndiTidual  objects 
as  frames,  straps,  stiff eoers,  etc.,  ofr 
the  building  up  of  the  weld  proper. 


LAP 


LAP  weld  is  one  In  wMoh  the  edges  of 
two  plates  are  set  one  above  the  other  and  thf 
welding  material  so  applied  as  to  bind  the  edge 
of  one  plate  to  the  face  of  the  other  plate. 
In  this  form  of  weld  the  aeam  or  lap  forme 
a  raised  surface  along  its  entire  extent. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING— CHART  No.  2. 


APPENDIX  II 


III 


TYPE 


PILEBT  weld  is  one  in  which  some 
fixture  or  member  is  welded  to  tbe  face  of  ft 
plate,  by  welding  along  the  vertical  edge  of 
the  fixture  or  member  (see  "welds"  shown  and 
marked  "A"  on  illustration  at  left).     The 
welding  material  is  applied  in  the  corner  thus 
formed  and  finished  at  an  angle  of  forty-f IVe 
degrees  to  the  plate* 


PLUG 


PLUG  weld  is  one  used  to  connect  tne 
metals  by  welding  through  a  hole  in  either 
one  plate  (Pig.  "A")  or  both  plates  (Pig.  "B* 
Also  used  for  filling  through  a  bolt  hole 
as  at  (Pig.  "C"),  or  for  added  strength  when 
fastening  fixtures  to  the  face  of  a  plate  by 
drilling  a  countersunk  hole  through  the 
material  (Pig.  "D")  and  applying  the  welding 
material  through  this  hole,  as  at  (Pig.  "D"), 
thereby  fastening  the  fixture  to  the  plate 
at  this  point. 


TEE 


TEE  weld  is  one  where  one  plate  is 
welded  vertically  to  another  as  in  the  case  of 
the  edge  of  a  transverse  bulkhead  (Pig.  "A") 
being  welded  against  the  shellplating  or  dec*. 
This  is  a  weld  which  in  all  cases  requires 
EXCEPTIONAL  care  and  can  only  be  used  where 
it  is  possible  to  work  from  both  sides  of 
the  vertical  plate.  Also  used  for  welding  a 
rod  in*  vertical  position  to  a  flat  surface, 
as  the  rung  of  a  ladder  (Pig.  "C"),  or  a 
plate  welded  vertically  to  a  pipe  stanchion 
(Pig.  "B"),  as  in  the  case  of  water  closet 
stalls. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  3. 


112 


APPENDIX  II 


OESfGN  OF  WELD 


'""" 

n 

Si 

^ 

*— 

SINGLE  "V"  Is  a  term  applied  to  the  *e4ge 
finish"  of  a  plate  when  this  edge  is  bevelled  fron 
BOTH  sides  to  an  angle,  the  degrees  of  which  are 
left  to  the  designer.     To  be  used  when  the  "V" 
-SPACE                   side  of  tne  P*ate  is  *°  *>9  a  ncximum  "strength" 
•weld,  with  the  plate  setting  vertically  to  the 
face  of  an  adjoining  member,  and  only  when  the- 
electrode  can  be  applied  from  both  sides  of  the 
work. 

i     jx 

I     kl 

> 

s 

OOUSUfV*  e<55JiOL 

-„„„„:*!  F™" 

DOUBLE  "V"  is  a  term  applied  to  the  "edge 
finish"  of  two  adjoining  plates  when  the  adioin- 

^ THICK 


- 
ing edges  of  both  plates  are  bevelled  from  BOTH 
sides  to  an  angle,  the  degrees  of  which  are  left 
to  the  designer.  To  be  used  when  the  two  plates 
are  to  be  "butted"  together  along  these  two  sides 
for  a  maximum  "strength"  weld.  Only  to  be  used 
when  welding  can  be  performed  from  both  sides  of 
the  plate. 


STRAIGHT 

|Wt  SHOUI.0 


STRAIGHT  is  a  term  applied  to  the  "edge 
finish"  of  a  plate,  when  this  edge  is  left  in 
its  crude  or  sheared  state.  To  be  used 
'only  where  maximum  strength  is  NOT  essen- 
tial, or  unless  used  in  connection  with  strap, 
stiff ener  or  frame,  or  where  it  is  impos- 
sible to  otherwise  finish  the  edge.   Also  te 
be  used  for  a  "strength"  weld,  when  edges  of 
two  plates  set  vertically  to  each  other,— 
as  the  edge  of  a  box. 


SINGLE  BEVEL  is  a  term  applied  to  the 
edge  finish  of  a  plate,  when  this  edge  is 
bevelled  from  ONE  side  only  to  an  angle,  the 
degrees  of  which  are  left  to  the  designer.  To 
be  used  for  "strength"  welding,  when  the  elec- 
trode can  be  applied  from  ONE  side  of  the  plate 
only,  or  where  it  is  impossible  to  finish  thi 
adjoining  welding  surface. 


THIS  MCMBCK  ttAV  U* 
OMITTED  Jf  MOT  A  FRAME. 
STRAP  O*  »WFtNtR. 


DOUBLE  BEVEL  is  a  term  applied  to  the 
edge  finish  of  two  adjoining  plates,  when  the 
adjoining  edges  of  both  plates  are  bevelled  from 
ONE  side  only  to  an  angle,  the  degrees  of  which 
are  left  to  the  designer.  To  be  used  where 
maximum  strength  is  required,  and  where  elec- 
trode- can  be  applied  from.  ONE  side  of  the 
work  only* 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  4. 


APPENDIX  II 

POSITION  OP-WELD* 


position  Is  determined  When  the  welding  material  Is  applied  to  a 
surf oo e  on  the  same  plane  aa  the  deck,  al lowing  the  electrode  to  be  held  in  an 
upright  or  vertical  position.     The  welding  surface  way  be  entirely  on  a  plane 
with  the  deoJc,  or  one  side  nay  be  vertical  to  the  deck  and  welded  to  an  adjoining 
Bomber  that  is  on  a  plane  witb  the  deck. 

HORIZONTAL  position  is  determined  when  the  welding  material  id  applied 
to  a  seam  or  opening,  the  plane  of  which  is  vertical  to  the  deck  and  the  line  of 
ipold  is  parallel  with  the  deck,  allowing  the  electrode  to  be  held  in  an  Inboard 
or  outboard  position* 

VERTICAL  position  is  determined  when  the  welding  material  ia  applied 
to  a  surface  or  seam,  whooe  line  extends  in  a  direction  from  one  deck  to  the 
deck  above,  regardless  of  whether  the  adjoining  nembers  ere  on  a  single  plane  or 
'at  an  angle  to  each  other.     In  thia  position  of  weld,  the  electrode  would  also  be 
hold  in  a  partially  horizontal  position  to  the  work* 

OVERHEAD  position  is  determined  when  the  welding  material  ie  applied 
from  the  under  side  of  ccy  raatnber  whose  plane  is  parallel  to  the  deck  an* 
ofcessnitntos  tho  electrode  being  held  in  a  downright  or  inverted  pooition. 

ELECTRIC  WELDING— CHART  No.  5. 


APPENDIX  II 


KINO -OF- WELD  . 


TACK 


A  TACK  weld  la  applying  the  welding  mat- 
erial in  small  sections  to  hold  two  edges  to* 
gather,  and  should  always  be  specified  by  giving 
the  SPACE  from  center  tc  center  of  weld  -and  thft 
LESGTB  of  tho  weld  itself*    Ho  particular. 
••Design  of  weld"  is  necessary  of  ooasideratltnau 
'A  TACK  is  also  used  for  temporarily  hold- 
ing material  in  place  that  la  to  be  eolid- 
W^"  .sZ?    !y  welded,  until  the  propdr  alignment  ana. 
-€«^xXx'^8ition  is  obtained,  and  in  thi*  oaee, 

the  LENGTH,  SPACE,  or  DBS  US  OS1  KE&D  ere  to  be 
specified. 


CAULKING 


A  CAULKING  weld  la  one  in  tfhloh  the  Aonaity 
of  the  orystaline  metal,,  used  to  close  dp  the 
seam  or  opening,  is  such,  that  no  possible 
leakage  is-  visible  under  a  water,  oil  or  air 
pressure  of  fc5  Ibs.  per  square  inch*    fh*  ulti- 
mate strength  of  a  caulking  waid  ip  not  of  mat* 
erial  importance,-  neither  is  the  "Design  of 
d"  of  this  kind  necessary  of  consideration* 
The  operator  must  be  the  joflga  in  the  ttu»ber 
of  layers  needed  for  e  tight  weld,  although  tb* 
designer  should,  specify  a  tuiniiaam  amount  of 
layers. 


STRtNGTH 


A  STHBHGTH  weld  Is  on6  in  Which  the  fceo- 
tional  area  of  the  welding  material  must  be  so 
considered  that  its  tensile  strength  and  el* 
ongation  por  square  inch  oust  bo  equal  at  le&at 
60%  of  the  ultimate  strength  per  square  inch  of 
$ho  surrounding  material.     (To  be  determined 
and  specified  by  the  designer).    The  welding 
material  oa.n  be  applied  in  any  number  of  layer* 
beyond  a  minimum  specified  by  the  designer, 

Ths  density  of  the  crystalline  metals  it 
NOT  of  vital  importance,     tn  this  form  of  wel4, 
the  "Design  of  weld"*muat  be  specified  by 
the  designer  and  followed  by  the  operator. 


COMPOSITE 


A  COMPOSITE  weld  is  one  in  which  both  tl» 

«rength  and  density  are  of  the  most  vital  ta» 
portance.     The  STRENGTH  must  be  at  least  tfl 
specified  for  a  "strength  weld",  and  th* 
msity  must  meet  the  requirements  of  a 
'Caulking  we ]&•'  both  as  above  defined,    ffc* 

um  number  of  layers  of  welding  material 
must  always  bo  specified  by  the  designer, 
the  welder  must  be  in  a  position 
if  this  number  must  bo  increased 
to  the  welder's  working  cooditione. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  6. 


APPENDIX  II 


TYPE-or  WtLD 


REINFORCED 

tA 


RBIWCRCED  1«  a  term  applied  to  a  weld  when  the  top  layer  of  the  ««l<nn§ 
material  is  built  up  above  the  plane  of  the  surrounding  material  as  at  Pig*.  "A*  or 
Pig.  "B"  above,  or  whan  need  for  a  comer  as  in  Pig.  "C".     The  top  of  final  layer 
obouid  project  above  a  plane  of  45  degrees  to  the  adjoining  material.  This  45  degrees 
line  ia  shewn  r«dotted"  in  Fig.^C"  above.  This  type  ia  chiefly  used  in  a  ristrengthw  or 
"Cotnpoaite"  kind  of  weld  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  maximum  strength  efficiency. 
end  should  be  specified  by  the  designer,  together  with  a  miniraora  number  of  layer*  of 
welding  material. 


PLUSH  is  a  term  applied  to  a  weld  when  the  top  layer  is  finished  perfectly 
flat  or  on  the  same  piano  as  on  the  adjoining  material  as  shown  at  Pigs.  "D*  and  "£n  above 
or  at  an  angle  of  45  degress  when  used  to  connect  two  surfaces  at  an  angle  to  each  other 
»a  at  Pig.  "p"  above.     This  type  of  weld  is  to  be  used  where  a  maximum' tens  lie  strength 
Is  not  all  important  and  must  bo  specified  by  the  designer,  together  with  a  minimum 
number  of  layers  of  welding  material. 


CONCAVSL 


Lttttc   *M6w  TM«  PlUftH  tifMMCB.  — ^ 


OOirCATB  is  a  ten»  applied  fco  a  weld  Vheft  the  top  layor  finishes1  b«lo»  th« 
plane  of  tb»  surroundling  material  as  at  Pig.  "G"  above,  or  beneath  a  plane  cf  46  degrees 
at  an  (tegular  connection  as  at  Pigs.  "H*  and  "J™  above. 

To  bo  used  as  a  weld  of  no  further  Importance  than  filling  in  a  soan  or 
opening,  or  for  strictly  caalfcing  purposes,  when  it  is  found  that  a  tiiinitmsn  amount  of 
welding  material  will  suffice  to  sustain  a  specified  pound  square  inch  pressure  without 
leakage.     la  thi»^rype  of  weld"  it  will  not  be  necessary  for  the  designer  ordinarily 
to  specify  the  nuflber  of  layers  of  material  owing  to  the  Mcfc  of  •tructural  in$ortonoe. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  7. 


n6 


APPENDIX  II 


.COMBINATIONS-  Of  -  SYMBOLS. 


STRAP  wCLt}    REINFORCED 

COWF061TE   OF  A  LAYERS> 

VERTICAL,  STRAIGHT. 


This  sketch  and  symbol  shows  a  strap 
holding  two  plates  together,  setting  vertical- 
ly, with  the  welding  material  applied  In  not 
less  than  three  layers  at  each  edge  of  the 
strap,  as  well  as  between  the  plates  with  a 
reinforced  composite  finish,  eo  aa  to  maxe 
the  welded  seams  absolutely  water,  air  or 
oiltight,  and  to  attain  the  maximum  tensile 
strength.  The  edges  of  the  strap  and  the 
plates  are  left  in  a  natural  or  sheared 
finish.  This  type  of  welding  is  used  for 
most  particular  kind  of  work  whersjnaxiirani 
strains  are  to  be  sustained. 


'--V    STRAP  WELD,    FLUSIU 
(53KOF]    STRENGTH    Of   3  LAYERS, 
HORIZONTAL.  FLAT    ANP 
OVER  HEAP,    POUBLE 


HORIZONTAL    WCLt? 


STRAP 


uiuuu^uuut«uMK<mui<!«Ha£iuig 


This  illustrations  shows  a  strap  holding 
two  plates  together  horizontally,  welded  es  a 
strength  member  with  a  minimum  of  three 
layers  and  a  flush  finish.  Inasmuch  aa  the 
strap  necessitates  welding  of  the  plates 
from  one  side  only,  both  edges  of  the  plates 
are  bevelled  to  an  angle,  the  degrees  of 
which  are  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  de- 
signer. The  edges  of  the  strap  are  left  in 
a  natural  or  sheared  state,  and  the  maximum 
strength  is  attained  by  the  mode  of  applying 
the  welding  material,  and  thiough  the  sec- 
tional area  per  square  inch  exceeding  the 
sectional  area  of  the  surrounding  material. 


STRA!»  TACK, 

8"  CENTER     TO    CENTER, 

4*  LONG.  BUTT,  REINFORCED 

COMPOSITE   OP    3    LAYERS* 

FLAT, 


This  symbol  represents  two  plates  batted 
together  and  welded  flat,  with  a  composite 
veld  of  not  less  than  three  layers,  and  a 
reinforced  finish.     A  strap  is  attached  by 
means  of  overhead  tacking,  the  tacks  being 
four  inohos  long  and  spaced  eight  laches 
from  center  to  center*     In  this  case,  the 
welding  of  the  plates  Is  of  maximum  strength 
aziS  water,  air  or  oiltight,  but  the  tacking 
ie  either  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the 
strap  in  place-  until  it  may  be  continuously 
welded,  or  because  strength  is  not  essential. 
All  the  edges  are  left  in  their  natural 
or  sheared  state. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  8. 


APPENDIXgil 


117 


COMBINATIONS      OP    SYMBOLS 


BUTT  WELfc  CONCAVE, 

CAULKING    OF   Z    LAYERS, 

STRAIGHT. 


The  symbol  shown  represents  a  Bofct 
Veld  between  tro  plates  with  the  welling 
material  finished  concaved  and  applied 
in  a  minitnozn  of  two  layers  to  tafc»  tho 
place  of  caulking,     foe  edges  of  too 
plates  are  left  in  a  natural  shear  oat 
finish.     Fhis  Symbol  will  be  quite  fre- 
quently used  for  deck  plating  or  any 
other  place  where  strength  is  not 
tial,  but  where  the  notarial  moat  bo 
water,  air  or  oil tight. 


85V 
x 


WELD,  REINFORCED. 
STRENGTH  Of  3  LAYERS, 
VERTICAL,  DOUBLE  VEC, 


vee 


This  Symbol  is  -used  where  the 
edges  of  two  plates  are  vertically  batted 
together  and  welded  as  a  strength  mentor1* 
The  edges  of  the  adjoining  plates  are 
finished  with  a  "Doable  Vee"  airi  the  min- 
imum of  three  layers  of  welding  material 
applied  from  each  side,  finished  with  & 
convex  surface,  thereby  mating  the  sec- 
tional area  per  square  inch  of  the  wold, 
greater  than  that  of  the  plates.     This 
will  be  a  conventional  Symbol  for  shell 
plating  or  any  other  members  requiring 
a  maximum  tensile  strength,  where  the 
welding  can  be  done  from  both  sides  of 
the  woric. 


193  F 


BUTT 

COMPOSITE:  or  3 
FLAT;   DOUBLE:  BEVEL. 


This  Symbol  shows  two  plates  batted 
together  in  a  flat  position  where  the 
•welding  can  only  be  applied  from  the  top 
eurfaco.  It  shows  a  weld  required  for 
plating  where  both  strength  and  water- 
tightness  are  to  be  considered.  The 'weld- 
ing material  is  applied  in  a  minimum  of 
three  layers  and  finished  flash  with  the 
level  of  the  plates.  Both  edges  of  tbA 
adjoining  plates  are  bevelled  to-  an  angle, 
.the  degrees  of  which  are  left  to  the  dia- 
oretlon  and  Judgment  of  the  designer, 
and  should  only  be  u*od  when  it  ia  im- 
possible to  weld  from  both  oldoa  of  the 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  9. 


n8 


APPENDIX  II 


.COMBINATIONS  •  OP 


tAP   WEUP,    CONCAVE. 
CAULKIN6     OF     Z.   LAYERS, 
OV&RHEAP    AN?     FLAT, 
STRAIGHT 


The  sketch  aho*8  the  edges  of  t»o 
platea  lapping  each  other  with  the  welding 
material  applied  in  not  less  than  two 
layers  at  each  edge,  with  a  oonc&ved 
(walking  finish,  so  applied  as  to  cato 
toe  weldod  seams  absolutely  watar,  air, 
or  oil tight.    $he  edges  of  the  plates 
themselves  are  left  in  a  natural  or  sheared 
finish.     Conditions  of  this  Jcind  will  oftao 
occur  .arc and  bulkhead  door  frwase  Where 
maximum  strength  is  not  absolutely 
essential. 


LAP    WELC} 

STRENGTH    OF   3   LAYERS 

AND     TAOMN6,    Itf  CENTER 

TO    CENTER,,     6*  L&NG, 

VCRTICAU, 


The  illustration  terei»  shovn,  is 
somewhat  exaggerated-  ad  regards  the  bend- 
ing of  the  plates,  but  it  is  only  shown 
this  way  to  fully  illustrate  the  tack  and 
oontinupus  weld.     It  shows  the  edges  of 
the  plates  lapped  with  one  edge  welded 
with  a  continuous  weld  of  a  minimum  of 
three,  layers  with  a  reinforced  finish, 
thereby  giving  a  maxiwnn  tensile  strength 
to  the  weld,  end  the'  other  edge  of  tba 
plate,  taok  welded.     The  tacics  are  six  incnes 
long  with  a  space  of  13  inches  between  the 
welds  of  18  inches  from  oentor  to  center 
of  welds.     In  both  oases,  the  edges  of 
plates  are  left  in  a  natural  or  sheared 
state. 


ANP     UAP     WE  tt>, 
STRENGTH     OP     3 
I  FLUSH,     ft  AT,    OVCRHCAP, 
HORIZONTAL.  ^, 


The  sketch  shows  a  condition 
exaggerated,  which  is  apt  to  occur  in. 
side  plating  where  the  plates  were  held 
in  position  with  bolts  for  the  purpose  of 
alignment  bofore  being  wolded.  The 
edges  aro  to  be  welded-  with  a  minimum  of 
three  layers  of  welding  material  for  a 
strength  weld  and  finished  flush,  and 
after  the  bolts  are  removed,  the  holes 
thus  left  are  to  be  filled  in  with  wald- 
ing  material  in  e  manner  prescribed  for 
strength  welding.  The  edges  of  tta» 
plates  ara  to  ba  left  in  a  natural  or 
sheared  state,  which  is  customary  In 
most  cases  of  lapped  welding.. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  10. 


APPENDIX  II 


119 


COMfcl NATIONS  •  Of  •  SYMBOLS'  (CO.T—CCJ)  . 


'3   LAYERS,    FLAT, 

AND  STRAIGHT 


The  adjoining  sketch  ebdTB  a  pad  ejra 
attached  to  a  plate  by  means  of  a  fillet 
wold  along  the  edge  of  the  fixture,  and 
further. strengthened  by  plug  wolds  ID  two 
countersunk  holes  drilled  in  toe  fixture. 
The  welding  oatoriai  ia  applied  in  a  flat 
position  for  a.  strength  weld  with  a  ml  a- 
loom  of  three  layers  and  a  reinforced 
finish.    'Tho  edged  of  the  boles  are  bw 
oiled  to  an  angle,  which  la  left  to  the 
judgment  of  the  designer,  bat  Che  edge* 
of  the  fixture  are  left  in  their  natural 
state*     this  method  la  tuod  In  fastening 
fixtures,  clips  or  accessories  that 
fffculd  be  subjected  to  an  excessive  strain 
or  vthre.tion.. 


rater    V^CLPL 

COMP06ITC     OF 
FlAt    v£^ 
OVERHEAD 


SECTION 
THRU  AA 


fhls  illustration  shows  a  fixture 
attached  to  a  plate  by  means  of  a  oonqpos 
veld  of  not  less  than  three  layers,  with  i 
reinforced  finish.    The  fixture  being 
placed  vertically,  necessitates  a  coo* 
blast  ion  of  flat.  Vortical  and  overhead 
welding  in  the  course  of  its  erection. 
Although  a  fixture  of  this  kind  would 
never  bo  required  to  be  watertight,  the 
composite  symbol  is  simply  ae  a  possi- 
bility of  a  combination. 


FILLET     WELD,     FXU5H, 
STREN6TH    OF  3    LAYER5, 
FUAT,     STRAIGHT. 


This  symbol  represents  a  f ixtwo 
attached  to  a  plate  by  a  strength  fillet 
treld  of  not  less  than  three  layer*, 
finished  flush.    The  edges  of  the  fixture 
are  left  in  their  natural  state,  and  the 
VIEUO  ^elding  material  applied  in  the  corner 
formed  by  the  vertical  edge  of  the 
fixture  -in  contact  with  the  face 'of  tfee 
plate. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING — CHART  No.  ij. 


I2O 


APPENDIX  II 


.COM C>i NATIONS 


TEE 

$TR£N<iTH 

FLAT, 


FLUSH, 

OP    3    LAYERS* 
VCfc. 


fho  ad  Joining  exstoh  illustratea  tte 
edge  of  a  plate  welded  to  the  face  of  anotte* 
plate,  aa  in  the  oaao  of  the  bottom  of  a  trans- 
verse bulkhead  being  we  Wed  against  tha.  deck 
plating,     To  obtain  a  raxinun  tensile  strength 
at  the  joint*  tie  edge  of  tbja  plate  la  out  to  a 
"Single  Vee"  and  welded  oa  both  sides  with  a 
strength  vela  0*  not  lees  tten  three  layers,  and 
finished  flush.    This  voald  bb  a  convenient  way 
of  fastening  the  interoostala  to  the  keeleo&e. 
In  this  partloioar  ocoo,  tte  wo  id  ing  i«  done 
In  a  flat 


les^y  JHLj^-^-j, 

&T1CAU,    61NGLC 


This  symbol  shows  another  oase  of  Tee 
veld  with  the  seao  setting  in  a  vertical 
position,  and  the  welding  material  applied  from 
both  sides  of  the  work.    The  edge  of  the  plate 
is  finished  with  a  "Single  Vee*  aoi  a  minimum 
of  three  layers  of  welding  material  is  applied 
from  each  side,  finished  with  o  convex  surface, 
thereby  making  the  sectional  area,  per  square 
inch  of  the  weld,  greater  than  that  of  the  plate, 
allowing  for  a  maximum  tensile  strength  in  the 
weld. 


FLAT?  1^f7FC?RCeP,  TACK,  *»  .illustration  herein  ahown,  represents 

12"  CENTER  TO  CENTER        an  oxa^Ple  of  thd  possible  combination  of 
4"  LONG,    61 N 51 C   BEVEt',      symbols.    An  angle  iron  is  tack  welded  to  the 


OVERHEAD, 


^p  plate  in  the  f o'no  of  a  strap  or  etiffener, 

though  in  actual  practice,  this  might  never  occur. 
The  tacks  are  spaced  twelve  inchoa  from  center 
to  center,  and  are  six  inches  long,  and  applied 
in  a  fiat  position,  with  a  roinforoed  finish* 
A3  the  strap,  prevents  wal&inc  the  plato.from 
t)0tb  sldea,  the  edge  of.  the  plate  is  bevelled, 
and  thp  welding  material  applied  for  strength 
to  not  loss  than  three  'layer*  in  eo  overhead 
position  and  -finished  flush*-    JKoto  that  to 
specifying  tack  wo  Ida,  it  is  essential  to  give 
tftp  space  from  center  tp  center  of  welid,  end 
length  of  wled  by  ose  M  figures  representing 
inches  placed  either  aide  of  the  oiroooscribjng 
ajobol  Of  *ft»  < 


ELECTRIC  WELDING— CHART  No.  12. 


APPENDIX  III 


Symbols  are  used  on  blue  prints,  templates,  and  parts  to  give  loca- 
tion, name,  and  operation.  Some  yards  have  an  elaborate  system  for 
marking  up  the  work,  but  as  no  two  yards  are  alike,  only  those 
symbols  most  commonly  used  are  given. 


SYMBOLS 


M 

AFT. 

X 

A.P. 

Bhd. 

B.  H. 

B.  K. 

B.  L. 

& 

Br'k't  or  Bkt. 

Circ. 

Ck. 

Ck.M. 

fc 

C't'r. 

C't's'k. 

C  V.  K. 

D'b'l. 

Dia. 

D'k. 

Dr. 

Drg. 

F'c'le 

F'd'n 

F.  E. 

Fl. 

Fig. 

Fwd. 

F.  P. 

Fr. 

F.  W.  T. 

H.  G. 

Int'c'l 

Inter'm 


After  end 

Aft. 

Amidships 

After  perpendicular 

Bulkhead 

Breast  hook 

Bilge  keel 

Bend  line 

Base  line 

Bracket 

Circumference 

Countersink 

Check  mark 

Center  line 

Center 

Countersink 

Center  vertical  keelson 

Double 

Diameter 

Deck 

Drill 

Drawing 

Forecastle 

Foundation 

Forward  end 

Floor  or  floor  plate 

Flange 

Forward 

Forward  perpendicular 

Frame 

Fresh  water  tanks 

Hatch  girder 

Intercostal 

Intermediate 


122 


APPENDIX  III 


Jog. 

Longt. 

Lr. 

M. 

M.  C.  S. 

M.  C.  T. 

M.  Dk. 

MTd 

O.  B. 

O.  S. 

O.  S.  U. 

O.T. 

P. 

P.  Dk. 

Plat. 

Pn. 

Pu. 

Rad. 

Rev. 

Riv. 

Roll 

S. 

S.B.S. 

S.CF. 

Sch. 

S'g'l 

Sh. 

Shr. 

S.I.K. 

S.  PL 

S.  R. 

S.  T. 

Stiff. 

Tap 

Trans. 

T.S. 

T.S.U. 

T.T. 

T.T.L. 

U.  Dk. 

Vert'l 

V.  K. 

W.  T. 


Joggle 

Longitudinal 

Lower 

Main 

Machinery  casing  sides 

Machinery  casing  top 

Main  deck 

Molded 

Outboard 

Other  side 

Other  side  up 

Oiltight 

Port 

Poop  deck 

Platform 

Plane 

Punch 

Radius 

Reverse 

Rivet 

Roll 

Starboard 

Shell  butt  strap 

Stern  cant  frame 

Scarph 

Single 

Shell 

Shear 

Side  intercostal  keelson 

Swash  plates 

Shaft  recess 

Shaft  tunnel 

Stiffener 

Tap 

Transversal 

This  side 

This  side  up 

Tank  top 

Tank  top  liners 

Upper  deck 

Vertical 

Vertical  keel 

Watertight 


APPENDIX  IV 

THE  ISHERWOOD  SYSTEM  OF  SHIPBUILDING 

IN  order  to  get  a  background  for  a  consideration  of  the  Isherwood 
system,  let  us  review  briefly  the'  ordinary  system  of  ship  construction 
and  the  reasons  why  ships  are  so  built.  We  can  readily  understand 
how  quickly  a  canvas  canoe  would  close  in  on  us  if  we  attempted  to 
use  it  without  the  wooden  ribs  that  extend  from  side  to  side.  The 
frames  of  the  ship  are  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  just  such  a  pressure 
on  an  enormous  scale,  and  because  they  are  at  right  angles  to  the 
center  line  of  the  ship,  they  are  called  transverse  frames.  They  are 
secured  at  their  lower  ends  to  the  vertical  keel  or  center  keelson,  and 
at  the  upper  ends  to  the  deck  beams.  They  are  in  two  parts,  called 
floors  and  side  frames,  and  are  generally  spaced  from  two  to  three  feet 
apart. 

Without  going  into  details  concerning  such  parts  as  margin  plates, 
side  stringers,  brackets,  etc.,  it  is  evident  that  while  absolutely  neces- 
sary, these  frames  do  subtract  from  the  space  enclosed  by  a  ship's 
skin,  i.e.,  they  reduce  the  available  cargo  space. 

The  second  principal  strain  that  a  ship  is  subjected  to  is  caused 
by  the  unequal  and  varying  support  given  by  the  sea.  This  would 
cause  her  to  "  hump  up  "  first,  like  some  four-wheeled  trolley  cars,  and 
then  bend  down  like  a  buckboard,  i.e.,  if  she  lacked  sufficient  longitu- 
dinal strength.  In  regular  construction  this  strength  is  obtained  through 
the  keel,  keelsons,  intercostals  (these  are  called  longitudinals),  tank 
top,  and  decks.  The  side  plating  is  also  called  upon  to  take  care  of 
a  large  amount  of  this  strain  that  tends  to  "  break  the  back  "  of  a  ship. 

The  Isherwood  plan  differs  from  this  construction,  first,  in  placing 
very  heavy  transverse  members  about  12  feet  apart,  and,  second,  in 
using  a  large  number  of  longitudinal  frames  for  holding  the  shell 
plating.  A  study  of  Plates  LXIII  and  LXV  and  a  comparison  with 
Plate  LXIV  will  make  clear  the  principal  differences  found  in  the 
two  systems.  The  side  longitudinals  pass  through  notches  cut  in  the 
transverses  and  are  clipped  to  them.  In  Plate  LXIII  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  bottom  longitudinals  are  cut  in  way  of  the  transverses.  They 
are  sometimes  made  continuous  between  transverse  bulkheads.  The 
transverses  are  connected  to  the  shell  plating  with  heavy  angles,  and 
in  case  of  a  tank  top  are  cut  at  the  margin  plate.  Here  the  strength 


i  lie     LCI  11  iv    iup     LUC     ti  eiiia  vci  aca    die     muni    IIK.C    an     uiuiiictiy     uuui     pldic 

except  that  notches  are  cut  to  pass  the  bottom  and  tank-top  longi- 
tudinals. The  deck  longitudinals  furnish  one  of  the  greatest  advan- 
tages offered  by  this  system.  They  furnish  ample  longitudinal  strength 
and  are  not  affected  by  large  hatch  openings. 

For  certain  kinds  of  cargo,  such  as  lumber  and  general  freight, 
the  heavy  transverses  are  considered  objectionable,  as  they  make  for 
broken  stowage,  but  for  bulk  and  liquid  cargoes  this  type  of  construc- 
tion is  ideal. 

Further  information  is  presented  in  the  following  quotation  of 
a  paper  read  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Isherwood  and  printed  in  Fairplay,  March 
26,  1918: 

"  I  had  an  inquiry  from  a  large  firm  of  shipowners  for  an  Isherwood 
cargo  boat  to  carry  16,500  tons  dead  weight  and  with  the  same  internal 
capacity  for  long  timber  inside  the  face  of  the  transverses  as  in  the 
transversely-built  ship  to  the  inside  of  the  cargo  battens.  This  could 
be  obtained  either  by  increasing  the  length,  breadth,  or  depth,  or  a 
combination  of  all  three  dimensions.  The  one  that  will  probably  ap- 
peal to  you  most  is  the  one  of  increased  length.  The  original  dimen- 
sions were  525  feet  by  66  feet  by  44  feet,  dead  weight  16,500  tons  on  31 
feet.  The  weight  of  iron  and  steel  in  this  vessel  built  on  the  ordinary 
system  was  about  4750  tons.  The  dead  weight  of  the  Isherwood  ship  of 
the  same  dimensions  was  16,900  tons  on  the  same  draught  and  co- 
efficient, the  weight  of  iron  and  steel  being  about  4370  tons,  showing 
a  saving  in  iron  and  steel  of  380  tons  and  increased  dead  weight  of  400 
tons,  the  difference  in  dead  weight  being  made  up  of  the  reduction  in 
weight  of  cement.  With  the  length  increased  to  give  the  required 
capacity  for  long  timber,  the  dimensions  were  540  feet  by  66  feet  by  44 
feet,  being  an  increase  in  length  of  15  feet,  the  dead  weight  17,400  tons 
on  31  feet  with  the  same  co-efficient,  the  iron  and  steel  amounting  to 
4550  tons,  being  still  200  tons  less  than  in  the  ordinary  vessel  of  smaller 
dimensions,  whilst  the  dead  weight  is  increased  by  900  tons. 

"  For  the  purpose  of  comparison,  I  will  take  as  a  basis  a  ship  con- 
structed on  my  system  in  1911.  The  dimensions  are  410  feet  by  52 
feet  by  32  feet.  The  weight  of  iron  and  steel  in  this  vessel  was  2150 
tons;  the  dead  weight  8860  tons,  on  a  draught  of  26  feet  with  a  co- 
efficient of  displacement  of  .76.  In  a  steamer  conforming  to  the  same 
particulars  but  constructed  on  the  ordinary  transverse  system,  the 
iron  and  steel  weight  amounts  to  2370  tons;  the  dead  weight  8620  tons 
on  the  same  draught  and  co-efficient,  showing  a  reduction  in  the  dead 


APPENDIX  IV  125 

weight  of  240  tons.  Now  take  the  Isherwood  vessel  and  make  an  addi- 
tion of  10  per  cent.,  equals  41  feet  in  the  length,  bringing  this  up  to 
451  feet.  The  weight  of  iron  and  steel  would  now  be  2445  tons,  and 
the  dead  weight  9720  tons  on  the  same  draught.  An  investigation  of 
the  strength  shows  that  the  Isherwood  ship  of  the  increased  length 
is  6y2  per  cent,  stronger  longitudinally  than  the  shorter  ship  on  the 
ordinary  system.  I  feel  sure  that  the  extraordinary  commercial  pos- 
sibilities made  feasible  by  this  suggestion  will  appeal  to  you,  as  the 
lengthened  vessel  fitted  with  the  same  engines  would  steam  on  the 
same  coal  consumption  at  practically  the  same  speed  as  the  shorter 
vessel,  whilst  carrying  some  1000  tons  more  dead  weight,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  75  tons  of  steel  and,  of  course,  the  additional  outfit  required 
for  the  larger  ship.  Further,  the  extra  cubic  capacity  introduced  is 
just  where  it  is  most  valuable,  namely,  in  the  middle  of  the  ship." 

One  other  feature  found  in  the  Isherwood  ship  is  lack  of  vibra- 
tion. This  is,  of  course,  of  particular  interest  to  those  concerned 
with  passenger  steamers.  The  system  is  becoming  extensively  used 
in  this  country.  Mr.  J.  W.  Isherwood  is  a  British  shipbuilder,  and 
the  one  whose  business  and  engineering  ability  made  the  system  a 
success. 


APPENDIX  V 

THE  USE  OF  ACETYLENE,  HYDROGEN  AND  OXYGEN  FOR 
CUTTING  AND  WELDING 

AUTOGENOUS  welding  by  means  of  the  oxy-acetylene  torch  was 
developed  in  France  in  1900  by  Edmund  Fouche  and  Picard.  For  about 
five  years  little  was  done  commercially;  but  since  1900,  and  especially  during 
the  last  five  years,  tremendous  progress  has  been  made. 

In  the  manufacture  and  repair  of  automobiles,  boilers,  tanks,  pipes, 
metal  furniture,  etc.,  etc.,  the  use  of  the  "burner"  has  become  quite  familiar. 
Recently  our  shipbuilders  have  awakened  to  some  of  the  possibilities  offered 
them  by  the  "gas  men."  They  are  rapidly  passing  beyond  the  idea  that 
the  torch  is  good  only  for  emergency  work  and  repairs,  and  are  constantly 
finding  new  uses  for  it  in  ship-construction  work. 

Two  factors  have  contributed  to  this  progress;  first,  the  cheaper  pro- 
duction of  the  gas,  and,  second,  the  application  of  machine-guided  torches. 

In  cutting,  as  high  as  fifty  per  cent,  economy  is  effected  by  the  use  of 
special  machines;  and  not  only  that,  but  such  a  finish  is  obtained  that  in 
many  cases  no  further  machining  is  necessary. 

Oxygen  is,  of  course,  the  cutting  agent  and  chief  expense  factor, 
whether  acetylene,  hydrogen,  coal  gas,  or  any  other  gas  is  used  for  heating 
purposes.  It  is  the  steady  and  even  progress  of  the  machine-driven  torch 
that  makes  for  the  economic  use  of  the  oxygen.  On  plates  XLVII,  LXVI, 
and  LXVII  are  shown  three  types  of  machine  torches.  A  hand  torch  is 
shown  on  Plate  XLVI. 

An  interesting  feature  is,  that  the  machines  are  portable,  and  when 
heavy  and  irregularly  shaped  pieces  are  to  be  cut  the  work  can  be  done 
without  moving  them.  In  shipyard  work  this  feature  is  becoming  more 
and  more  appreciated. 

It  should  be  said  that  the  art  is,  comparatively,  very  new  and  offers 
to  engineering  students  and  enterprising  mechanics  some  wonderful 
opportunities. 

Proficiency  in  the  art  of  oxy-acetylene  welding  and  cutting  is  difficult 
to  acquire  from  printed  instructions.  Personal  instruction  is  very  desirable. 

When  personal  instruction  is  not  available,  a  skilled  and  resourceful 

mechanic,  familiar  with  metals  and  metal  working,  should  be  selected  for 

the  oxy-acetylene  operator.     Many  operators  have  attained  considerable 

efficiency  through  their  own  intelligence,  resourcefulness,  and  experience. 

126 


APPENDIX  V  127 

The  Apparatus 

For  stationary  installations,  the  regulators  or  reducing  valves  are  con- 
nected to  the  pipe  line,  and  for  portable  outfits  they  are  connected  direct  to 
the  portable  tanks.  The  regulators  reduce  the  high  storage-tank  or  pipe- 
line pressure  to  the  lower  working  pressure,  which  is  adjusted  with  the 
regulator  to  the  required  pressure  for  each  size  of  welding  or  cutting  tip. 
Each  regulator  has  a  high-pressure  gauge  which  records  the  supply 
pressure,  and  a  low-pressure  gauge  for  the  required  working  pressure. 
When  acetylene  is  supplied  by  a  generator  and  pipe  line,  only  the  working 
pressure  gauge  is  required  on  the  acetylene  regulator. 

Fine  threads  are  used  for  the  oxygen  hose  connections  to  both  torch 
and  regulator,  and  coarse  threads  for  the  acetylene  connections,  so  that  the 
hose  will  not  be  interchangeable. 

When  portable  acetylene  and  oxygen  tanks  are  used,  they  should  be 
placed  so  they  will  not  fall  over  or  be  banged  against  each  other,  avoiding 
danger  of  breaking  the  regulators  or  tank  valves,  and  in  field  work  it  is 
practical  to  lay  them  on  the  ground. 

Oxygen  is  usually  compressed  for  welding  and  cutting  service  at  about 
1800  pounds  pressure,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  open  the  tank  valve 
slowly  so  as  not  to  permit  the  full  pressure  to  rush  suddenly  into  the 
regulator.  A  little  care  in  this  respect  will  protect  the  high-pressure  gauge 
from  damage,  and  a  little  carelessness  will  put  it  out  of  commission  within 
a  short  time.  No  gauge  can  be  made  to  withstand  the  continual  sudden 
impact  of  1800  pounds  pressure. 

The  acetylene  in  portable  tanks  is  dissolved  in  acetone  under  pressure, 
and  the  acetylene  should  not  be  drawn  from  the  tank  at  a  rate  of  more 
than  one-seventh  the  tank  capacity  per  hour;  otherwise  acetone  will  be 
drawn  off  with  the  acetylene,  which  will  be  detrimental  to  the  weld.  Learn 
the  capacity  of  the  acetylene  tank  used,  and  of  the  size  of  welding  tip  to  be 
employed,  and  be  governed  accordingly.  If  it  is  desired  to  use  acetylene 
at  a  faster  rate  than  one  tank  can  supply,  connect  two  or  more  tanks  with 
a  manifold,  using  a  reducing  valve  for  each  tank.  When  through  with 
tanks,  always  close  the  tank  valves  when  the  regulators  are  removed. 

The  beginner  should  first  thoroughly  familiarize  himself  with  the 
oxygen  and  acetylene  generating  apparatus  and  follow  implicity  the 
directions  for  installation  and  operation  attached  thereto. 

He  should  learn  the  correct  operation  of  the  regulators,  noting 
carefully  the  instructions  given  on  the  attached  tags,  so  that  he  can  apply 
the  proper  gas  pressures  as  shown  by  the  table  included  in  the  torch  box. 

When  both  oxygen  and  acetylene  are  in  readiness  for  operation,  he 
should  properly  connect  the  regulators  and  torch,  seeing  that  there  are 


128  APPENDIX  V 

no  leaks,  and  that  the  torch  tip  is  of  the  proper  size  to  weld  the  metal 
with  which  he  begins  to  experiment,  as  given  in  the  table. 

He  must  be  careful,  when  seating  tips  in  the  torch-head,  to  screw  them 
in  until  the  conical  seat  fits  tightly;  otherwise  some  of  the  oxygen  may  pass 
into  the  acetylene  chamber  surrounding  the  head  of  the  tip  and  produce 
an  imperfect  gas  mixture,  which  would  result  in  a  defective  weld. 

It  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the  oxy-acetylene  flame  be  accurately 
adjusted.  Too  much  oxygen  will  oxidize  the  metal,  and  too  much  acetylene 
will  carburet  it,  either  excess  being  fatal  to  the  best  work.  The  strength 
of  the  weld  will  not  be  injured  quite  so  much  by  a  slight  excess  of  acetylene 
as  it  will  by  an  excess  of  oxygen,  but  only  the  clearly  outlined  flame  is  just 
right. 

Lighting  the  Torch  and  Regulating  the  Flame 

The  following  instructions  must  be  strictly  adhered  to  if  the  best 
results  are  desired: 

i — See  that  the  oxygen  regulator  and  tank  valve  connections  are  free 
from  oil,  grease,  or  dirt.  Open  up  the  oxygen  tank  valve  slowly  so  that 
oxygen  will  just  issue,  then  close  again  gently.  This  is  to  insure  the 
easy  opening  of  the  valve  after  the  regulator  is  attached,  which  other- 
wise might  be  damaged. 

2 — Connect  the  regulator  to  the  tank  or  service  pipe,  noting  carefully  the 
instructions  on  tag  attached  to  regulator.  See  that  both  regulator 
adjusting  screws  are  turned  back  until  the  spring  pressure  is  no  longer 
felt,  and  also  that  both  needle  valves  on  the  torch  are  closed. 

3 — Open  the  oxygen  tank  valve  very  slowly  and  continue  to  unscrew 
it  until  it  cannot  be  unscrewed  any  further  (to  prevent  leak  around 
spindle).  If  a  new  tank  is  used  the  tank  pressure  gauge  (large 
gauge)  will  record  a  pressure  of  about  1800  pounds  per  square  inch, 
varying  slightly  according  to  temperature. 

4 — Open  the  oxygen  needle  valve  (upper  valve)  on  the  torch. 

5 — Turn  in  the  oxygen  regulator  adjusting  screw.  The  torch  pressure 
gauge  (small  gauge)  will  then  indicate  working  pressure.  Adjust 
this  to  two  pounds  above  that  shown  in  tables  (page  141)  for  the  tip 
being  used  (the  two  pounds  extra  pressure  will  allow  for  adjustment 
for  drop  caused  by  lowering  of  pressure  in  tank,  variations  in  gauges, 
or  other  local  causes).* 

6 — Shut  off  oxygen  needle  valve  on  torch. 

*  The  pressures  given  in  the  table  are  correct  for  the  different  tips.  Each  tip  is  tested  to 
this  pressure  before  being  sealed  in  carton.  It  is  more  convenient  in  operation,  however, 
to  have  this  excess  pressure  for  adjustment  instead  of  resetting  oxygen  regulator  to  deliver 
the  correct  pressure. 


APPENDIX  V  129 

7 — Turn  on  acetylene  needle  valve  on  torch  (lower  valve). 
8 — Turn  on  acetylene  at  source  of  supply  (pipe  line  or  tank). 
9 — Turn  in  the  acetylene  regulator  adjusting  screw  until   the  pressure 
given  by  the  tables  for  the  size  of  tip  being  used  is  recorded. 

10 — Light  the  gas  issuing  from  the  tip.  This  will  give  a  long  white  smoky 
flame  of  comparatively  low  temperature. 

n — Slowly  open  the  oxygen  needle  valve  on  the  torch.  This  will  gradually 
reduce  the  size  of  flame,  the  outer  end  (the  envelope)  becoming  less 
luminous  and  the  tip  end  more  so  until  the  luminous  portion  at  the 
tip  assumes  a  clear  outline  without  any  ragged  edges  (the  cone). 

12 — When  this  is  obtained,  again  turn  off  the  oxygen  slightly  until  a 
shadowy  point  shows  from  the  cone.  Then  with  extreme  care  turn 
on  the  oxygen  again  until  this  shadowy  point  just  disappears  into  the 
cone.  This,  with  the  type  of  mixing  device  used  in  Davis-Bournonville 
torches,  gives  the  correct  flame  (temperature  6300  degrees  Fahr.), 
which  in  the  Davis-Bournonville  torch  is  neither  oxidizing  nor  carbon- 
izing and  in  this  torch  uses  as  close  to  the  theoretically  correct  propor- 
tion of  the  two  gases  as  is  obtainable.* 

13 — From  time  to  time  test  the  correctness  of  the  adjustment  by  the  method 
indicated  under  12  so  as  to  be  sure  that  no  change  has  taken  place 
due  to  change  of  temperature  or  to  the  drop  in  pressure  of  the  oxygen 
in  the  tank  (all  regulators  change  slightly  due  to  this).  A  slight 
excess  of  oxygen  pressure  will  not  readily  show  in  the  flame  and  can 
only  be  discovered  by  this  test. 

Operation  of  Torch 

In  operation,  the  point  of  the  white  cone  should  be  held  from  1/16 
to  %  inch  from  the  metal  being  welded,  dependent  upon  the  size  of  the 
tip  in  use,  care  being  taken  to  hold  the  torch  steadily,  as  touching  the 
point  of  the  torch  to  the  metal  will  obstruct  the  flow  of  gas  and  may 

*The  freedom  of  a  flame  from  being  carbonizing  and  oxidizing  is  not  necessarily  indicated 
by  the  clear  outline  of  the  cone,  which  merely  indicates  that  all  the  particles  of  oxygen  and 
carbon  that  come  together  are  burned,  but  free  particles  of  each  may,  with  some  torches, 
pass  through  the  flame  into  the  molten  metal,  which  is  thus  injured  and  gas  wasted,  even 
though  the  theoretically  correct  proportions  of  the  two  gases  are  being  supplied ;  this  con- 
dition is  only  prevented  by  the  extreme  mixing  vortex  which  is  produced  in  this  type  of 
mixing  device,  scientifically  adjusted  for  each  size  of  tip. 

Such  a  perfect  mixture  can  never  be  obtained  by  such  devices  as  injectors,  conical  expan- 
sion chambers,  mixing  chambers  in  head  or  handle,  or  any  of  the  numerous  devices  which 
have  been  tried.  You  will  realize  that  this  is  so  if  you  try  and  think  of  a  device  that  will 
produce  a  greater  vortex,  or  mixing  of  the  two  gases,  than  by  driving  them  together,  both 
under  considerable  pressure,  at  uniform  velocities  obtained  by  a  different  mixing  passage 
with  each  size  of  tip,  and  with  the  gases  correctly  proportioned  for  such  passages  and 
I  pressures. 

9 


130 


APPENDIX  V 


cause  it  to  back-fire  and  burn  within  the  tip.  In  such  case,  turn  off  the 
oxygen  immediately  and  the  torch  will  then  relight,  the  correct  flame  being 
again  obtained  as  described  at  12. 

The  table  published  will  give  the  oxygen  pressures  best  adapted  for 
the  size  of  tip  in  use.  It  should  be  carefully  studied,  and  frequently 
referred  to,  until  the  operator  becomes  familiar  with  it.  This  will  be 
helped  by  noting  the  relation  of  the  pressures  to  the  tip  numbers. 

Both  the  oxygen  and  the  acetylene  gases  should  always  be  turned 
off  at  the  service  pipe,  or  acetylene  cylinder,  and  at  the  oxygen  cylinder, 
when  welding  is  discontinued. 

Learning  to  Weld 

Beginners  should  commence  by  welding  thin  strips  of  iron  or  steel 
Yz"  or  less  in  thickness.  These  light  metals  can  be  welded  without  the 
addition  of  welding  material.  The  torch  should  be  given  a  slow  cross 
motion,  with  a  slight  forward  movement.  This  will  tend  to  blend  the 
metal,  and  reduce  the  liability  of  overheating.  The  practice  on  this  light 
metal  should  be  continued  for  a  day  or  two,  or  until  the  operator  becomes 
instinctively  familiar  with  the  apparatus,  so  that  he  can  devote  his  whole 
attention  to  the  flow  of  the  metal.  It  should  be  realized  that  muscular 
training  is  necessary  in  this  way,  until  complete  control  of  the  torch  is 
obtained. 

There  is  a  strong  tendency  with  beginners  to  experiment  with  various 
kinds  and  thicknesses  of  metal,  but  they  will  become  efficient  far  more 
quickly  by  mastering  one  kind  of  weld  before  undertaking  another. 

Back- Firing 

Flash-backs,  or  back-firing  in  the  torch,  are  of  more  or  less  frequent 
occurrence,  dependent  on  the  type  of  torch  used  and  upon  local  conditions. 
With  some  types  of  welding  torch  this  condition  is  due  to  the  design  of 
the  torch  itself  and  the  principles  under  which  it  operates,  presenting  a 
serious  hazard  in  their  operation.  The  basic  principles  and  design  of  the 
Davis-Bournonville  torch,  as  a  result  of  long  experience  and  knowledge 
of  the  use  of  acetylene  and  oxygen  for  welding  and  cutting,  are  such 
that  back-firing,  or  burning  of  the  gas  back  in  the  torch  tip,  seldom  occurs 
except  as  it  is  due  to  local  conditions  and  usually  careless  operation. 
The  cause  of  back-firing  is  due  to  insufficient  flow  of  gas  from  the  outlet 
of  the  tip.  If  the  flow  is  sufficient,  the  gas  will  burn  outside  the  tip.  If 
the  pressure  of  acetylene  is  insufficient,  if  the  hole  in  the  tip  is  obstructed 
by  dirt,  particles  of  molten  metal,  letting  the  tip  rest  against  the  work  or 


APPENDIX  V  131 

drop  into  the  molten  metal  while  welding,  or  if  the  tip  is  excessively 
overheated,  the  flame  will  pass  back  into  the  tip.  In  nearly  all  cases  it 
is  due  only  to  the  operator  not  having  sufficient  acetylene  pressure  turned 
on  at  the  regulator.  The  remedy  is  obvious — use  the  proper  pressures 
recommended  by  the  manufacturer,  because  each  size  of  tip  is  drilled 
for  an  accurately  determined  flow  of  both  gases  at  specified  pressures. 
When  a  back-fire  occurs  in  the  tip,  immediately  turn  off  the  oxygen  with 
the  torch  needle  valve  (the  upper  valve)  and  the  gas  will  relight  outside 
the  tip ;  if  not,  turn  off  the  acetylene  at  the  regulator,  examine  the  tip, 
clean  if  necessary,  turn  on  the  proper  acetylene  pressure,  and  relight. 

Points  to  be  Observed 

See  that  the  pressure  of  the  acetylene  generator  is  properly  adjusted; 
it  should  not  exceed  12  pounds  maximum.  The  feeding  motor  should 
operate  at  about  10  or  n  pounds.  Follow  the  Rules  and  Regulations  of 
the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  and  the  instructions  attached  to 
the  generator,  for  location,  setting  up,  and  operation. 

The  operator  should  examine  the  "flash-back"  cylinder  on  the  pressure 
generator  every  week,  to  see  that  the  water  is  at  the  proper  height,  as 
shown  by  the  instructions  which  accompany  the  generator. 

Do  not  make  any  change  in  any  of  the  safety  devices  on  the  gen- 
erator, or  prevent  them  from  functioning  in  any  way.  They  are  all  put 
there  for  a  reason,  and  even  if  you  do  not  know  why,  don't  take  a  chance. 

Be  careful  that  there  are  no  leaks  in  any  of  the  connections,  or  in  the 
rubber  tubing,  and  that  the  torch  tip;  is  always  free  from  obstruction. 

Always  have  an  ample  supply  of  gases  before  commencing  a  job,  as 
it  is  injurious  to  stop  in  the  middle  of  the  work. 

Always  wear  tinted  glasses,  or  goggles. 

If  the  flame  is  accidentally  extinguished,  the  oxygen  should  be  turned 
off,  and  the  acetylene  jet  turned  away  from  the  heated  surface  of  the 
metal,  or  cut  off,  so  that  the  metal  will  not  be  injured. 

In  doing  heavy  work,  if  the  torch  is  used  continuously  for  a  long 
time,  or  held  in  a  confined  space,  it  will  become  heated.  In  such  case, 
turn  off  the  gases  and  dip  only  the  torch  tip  half  its  length  in  cold  water. 

When  working  inside  a  boiler,  or  tank,  or  any  small  enclosure,  two 
operators  should  be  employed,  so  that  one  will  be  available  to  quickly  turn 
off  the  gases  in  case  of  accident,  such  as  the  bursting  of  the  hose. 

In  very  heavy  welding,  two  operators  should  always  be  used,  so  that 
one  can  relieve  the  other,  and  the  work  be  continued  without  interruption 
until  finished.  In  a  great  many  cases  it  is  disastrous  to  leave  the  work  even 
for  a  few  minutes  before  it  is  completed. 


132  APPENDIX  V 

An  excessive  discharge  of  sparks  indicates  that  too  much  oxygen  is 
being  used,  and  that  the  metal  is  being  burned,  or  oxidized.  In  very  heavy 
welding  there  will,  of  course,  be  a  considerable  volume  of  sparks,  even 
when  the  flame  is  correctly  adjusted. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  remove  the  scale  and  clean  the  surface  wher- 
ever the  metal  is  to  be  welded. 

Butt  welds  made  with  the  edges  beveled,  so  as  to  form  a  groove  of 
90  degrees,  should  be  used  wherever  possible.  No  welds  over  %"  thick 
in  steel  and  ^4"  in  cast  iron  should  be  made  without  beveling. 

No  one  but  a  thoroughly  instructed,  experienced  operator  should 
attempt  boiler  welding,  and  then  only  with  the  consent  of  the  constituted 
authorities. 

In  cleaning  the  torch-tips,  do  not  use  steel;  employ  copper  wire  or 
some  other  soft  metal. 

Remember  that  the  welder  who  does  not  insist  that  the  thicker  metals 
to  be  welded  be  beveled,  or  chamfered,  to  their  full  depth,  that  all  metal 
from  previous  welds  be  removed  before  rewelding,  and  who  does  not  cause 
the  edges  of  the  metals  to  be  thoroughly  molten  at  all  times  before  adding 
the  welding  metal,  and  does  not  make  it  a  practice  of  touching  the  adding 
metal  to  the  parts  to  be  welded,  will  always  be  an  inferior  operator. 


Preheating 
Expansion  and  Contraction 

As  practically  all  metals  expand  upon  heating  and  contract  upon 
cooling,  the  heating  of  any  piece  of  metal  locally  must  act  as  a  wedge 
and  tend  to  tear  the  metal  apart.  Thus  in  brittle  metals,  local  welding 
may  cause  fractures  either  during  heating  or  cooling,  whereas  ductile 
metals,  providing  their  ductility  is  not  exceeded,  will  adjust  themselves, 
either  by  stretch  or  warping,  to  this  condition. 

It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  apply  heat  over  an  extended  area  when 
welding  cast  iron,  and  other  brittle  metals,  under  conditions  where  the 
metal  cannot  spring  apart.  This,  in  small  articles,  may  be  done  with  the 
welding  flame,  but  in  large  castings  is  usually  accomplished  by  means  of 
a  charcoal  or  coke  fire,  or  gas  or  oil  torches. 

It  is  frequently  difficult  to  determine  where  a  casting  should  be 
preheated,  and  it  will  help  those  having  the  matter  in  hand  if  they  will 
imagine  where  the  part  would  break  if  a  wedge  was  driven  in  at  the  point 
to  be  welded,  this  being  the  place  to  preheat. 

Preheating  is  also  of  value  to  reduce  the  time  and  gas  consumption 


APPENDIX  V 


133 


on  all  heavy  jobs  even  though  not  required  to  relieve  strains.  It  is  also 
necessary  on  all  heavy  steel  pieces,  as  otherwise  satisfactory  welds  cannot 
be  made,  for  the  metal  welded  will  cool  too  rapidly. 

When  the  metal  has  been  preheated,  sheets  of  asbestos  paper  can  be 
placed  over  it  to  protect  the  operator,  and  prevent  heat  radiation,  of  course 
leaving  the  portions  to  be  welded  exposed  to  the  welding  flame. 

When  the  weld  is  completed,  the  torch  flame  should  be  passed  over 
the  weld,  and  the  portion  adjacent  thereto,  until  the  surrounding  metal 
becomes  the  same  color  as  the  part  where  the  last  weld  was  made;  or, 
better  still,  additional  fuel  can  be  piled  on  until  this  uniform  condition  is 
obtained.  The  whole  metal  should  then  be  covered  with  asbestos,  and 
allowed  to  cool  slowly,  drafts  of  cold  air  being  most  carefully  avoided. 
The  preheating  flame  should  never  be  directed  against  the  weld  itself,  but 
the  heat  should  be  evenly  distributed,  if  possible,  so  that  the  article  to  be 
welded  will  be  heated  uniformly  throughout. 

All  welds  of  brittle  metal  should  be  tested  by  judicious  jarring  with  a 
hammer,  so  that  if  excessive  internal  strains  are  present  they  will  relieve 
themselves  at  that  time  by  cracking,  instead  of  the  fracture  occurring 
when  the  part  is  again  in  operation. 

Expand  Before  Welding 

It  cannot  be  too  strongly  impressed  upon  the  operator  that  it  is  far 
better  to  produce  expansion  by  heat  before  welding,  rather  than  attempt 
to  care  for  the  contraction  afterward. 

Where  there  is  a  straight  crack,  even  in  steel,  it  can  usually  be  opened 
uniformly  by  heating  the  metal  at  each  end,  and  keeping  it  hot  while  the 
weld  is  being  made,  when  it  will  be  found  that  the  strains  set  up  by  the 
contraction  caused  by  cooling  have  been  greatly  minimized. 

Where  a  piece  of  metal  has  been  broken  squarely  in  two,  or  a  pro- 
jection has  been  broken  off,  preheating  will  not  be  necessary,  unless  in 
heavy  welds  it  is  desired  to  reduce  the  time  of  operation,  and  save  the 
consumption  of  gases. 

Never  add  metal  from  the  welding  stick,  or  wire,  before  the  part  to 
be  welded  is  itself  in  fusion,  and  always  have  the  welding  stick  in  contact 
with  the  work  when  adding  metal,  to  prevent  the  drop  of  added  metal 
being  overheated  by  the  6300  degree  flame;  at  the  same  time  the  adding 
metal  should  be  rubbed  into  the  weld  whenever  possible. 

In  heavy  welding,  the  parts  to  be  joined  must  be  brought  to  a  red 
heat  for  a  distance  of,  say,  three  times  its  thickness  on  each  side  of  the 
weld,  up  to  i  inch  in  thickness,  increasing  the  distance  reasonably  as  the 
weld  exceeds  this  thickness. 


134 


APPENDIX  V 


Heat  the  Surrounding  Parts  Sufficiently 

In  heavy  welding,  it  frequently  occurs  that  the  direct  application  of 
the  flame  to  the  spot  to  be  welded  does  not  cause  fusion.  The  cause  is 
that  the  metal  surrounding  this  spot  is  not  hot  enough,  the  heat  being 
conducted  into  the  cold  metal.  The  remedy  is  to  play  the  flame  around 
the  refractory  spot  until  the  surrounding  metal  is  at  a  white  heat,  then 
apply  the  flame  to  the  spot  itself,  and  it  will  quickly  fuse. 

In  welding  two  pieces  of  metal  together,  care  must  be  taken  not  to 
heat  one  side  more  than  the  other,  for  if  this  is  done  the  hottest  piece  will 
expand  most,  throwing  the  work  out  of  alignment,  possibly  causing  the 
weld  to  crack  in  cooling,  because  of  uneven  contraction.  It  may  also  cause 
adhesion  or  insufficient  fusion  on  the  cool  side. 

Proper  Size  of  Flame 

Do  not  use  too  small  a  tip  for  the  thickness  of  metal  to  be  welded, 
because  in  such  case  the  heat  will  be  radiated  almost  as  fast  as  produced, 
and  the  flame  will  have  to  be  held  at  one  point  so  long  before  the  weld 
can  be  accomplished,  that  the  metal  will  be  burned.  Furthermore,  it  will 
take  much  longer  to  make  the  weld  and  require  a  much  greater  consump- 
tion of  gases  to  do  the  work. 

Too  large  a  flame  is  equally  bad,  because  the  operator  will  not  be  able 
to  correctly  place  the  mass  of  molten  metal  fused.  The  proper  flame  will 
reduce  the  metal  to  a  molten  condition,  and  of  a  width  about  equal  to 
the  thickness  of  the  metal  welded. 

When  welding  heavy  metal,  be  very  careful  not  to  blow  a  part  of  the 
molten  metal  on  to  a  portion  of  the  weld  that  is  not  in  fusion  (called  an 
"adhesion"),  as  it  will  make  a  defective  weld  at  that  point.  If  this  should 
occur,  do  not  fail  to  pass  the  flame  over  this  chilled  portion  until  it  is 
again  in  fusion  with  the  molten  metal  of  the  weld. 


Cast  Iron 

If  the  piece  to  be  welded  is  of  such  form  that  it  will  be  liable  to 
crack  in  cooling,  it  should  be  preheated,  but  not  sufficiently  to  warp  the 
metal,  no  part  to  be  brought  to  a  dark  red  except  at  the  welding  point. 
Charcoal  is  a  good  material  to  preheat  with,  as  the  heat  is  uniform  and 
not  excessive.  A  blacksmith's  forge,  in  connection  with  a  sheet-iron  hood, 
can  be  used  to  good  advantage.  Another  method  of  preheating  is  to  build 
up  around  the  piece  with  firebrick  in  such  a  manner  as  to  cause  the  heat 
to  be  confined  and  distributed  evenly,  with  an  opening  left  through  which 
an  oil  or  gas  flame  can  be  used.  A  heating  oven  is  also  convenient  for  this 


APPENDIX  V 


I3S 


purpose.  Whether  the  metal  is  preheated  or  not,  it  should  always  be 
covered  immediately  after  the  weld  is  finished,  and  allowed  to  cool  slowly. 
Some  operators  use  slaked  lime  or  very  dry  sand  in  which  to  bury  the 
parts  until  they  cool.  Where  the  conditions  will  permit,  it  is  best  to  allow 
parts  to  cool  in  the  position  in  which  they  were  preheated.  The  shredded 
portion  of  waste  asbestos  paper,  collected  in  a  metal  box,  can  be  used  to 
bury  the  small  parts  in. 

If  the  metal  is  more  than  %  inch  in  thickness,  the  edges  should  be 
chipped  or  ground  to  a  beveled  form  of  45  degrees  on  each  side.  In 
welding  irregular  shapes  it  is  desirable  to  leave  three  slight  points  of 
contact  to  assist  in  adjusting  and  holding  the  broken  parts  in  their  exact 
original  position. 

To  start  the  weld,  the  flame  should  be  passed  for  some  distance 
around  the  fracture,  gradually  reducing  the  circle  until  it  is  concentrated 
at  the  point  where  fusion  is  required,  and  then  directed  on  to  the 
fracture  until  the  metal  becomes  a  cherry  red.  When  this  occurs,  have 
an  assistant  throw  on  a  little  scaling  powder,  and  when  the  metal  begins 
to  run,  add  cast  iron  from  the  welding  stick.  Powder  should  only  be  added 
when  the  metal  does  not  flow  well ;  but  do  not  add  too  much,  and  finish 
with  as  little  powder  as  possible,  as  an  excess  will  tend  to  make  the  weld 
hard.  Beginners  will  generally  find  that  their  cast-iron  welds  are  hard. 
This  will  disappear  when  they  become  expert  in  the  handling  of  the 
flame. 

Much  ingenuity  can  be  used  in  overcoming  the  bad  results  of  expansion 
and  contraction,  and  in  making  repairs  that  might  at  first  have  appeared 
impossible.  For  instance,  in  welding  the  combustion  chamber  of  an  auto- 
mobile cylinder,  a  piece  can  be  cut  from  the  outer  shell  of  the  water  jacket, 
the  crack  repaired,  and  the  piece  which  was  removed  welded  into  place 
again. 

Never  attempt  to  weld  pieces  that  have  been  previously  brazed,  without 
cutting  away  all  the  brazed  metal. 

Carbon  blocks  are  extremely  useful  for  confining  the  metal  when 
building  up. 

Steel 

Steel  of  y%  inch  and  less  in  thickness  may  be  welded  without  the 
addition  of  any  welding  metal.  Thicker  metal  should  be  beveled  or 
chamfered  and  will  always  require  metal  to  be  added. 

In  welding  steel,  remember  that  the  welding  material  should  never  be 
added  until  the  edges  of  the  metal  to  be  welded  are  fused,  or  molten,  at 
the  place  where  the  weld  is  being  made. 

In  no  case  should  the  flame  be  held  on  to  the  weld  until  a  foam  is 


I3 6  APPENDIX  V 

produced,  as  such  foam  is  an  indication  that  the  metal  is  being  burned. 

When  adding  metal  to  the  weld,  always  hold  the  added  metal  so  that 
it  touches  the  metal  to  be  welded.  This  enables  the  heat  to  be  radiated 
from  the  welding  rods  to  the  body  of  the  metal  to  be  welded,  whereas  if 
the  welding  metal  is  allowed  to  drop  through  the  flame,  it  probably  would 
be  burned  to  an  injurious  extent.  Do  not  hold  the  flame  steadily  in  the 
center  of  the  weld,  but  use  a  slow  cross  motion  with  a  steady  forward 
movement,  always  driving  the  molten  metal  toward  the  center  of  the 
weld. 

In  welding  a  crack  in  the  middle  of  a  heavy  steel  sheet,  prepare  the 
crack  by  chamfering  the  metal  on  each  side  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees 
right  through  to  the  bottom;  then,  as  previously  directed,  apply  the  weld- 
ing torch  to  the  metal  beyond  the  end  of  the  crack  until  it  is  expanded 
enough  to  open  the  crack  perceptibly  and  proceed  to  make  the  weld  while 
the  metal  is  in  this  condition.  Usually  it  will  be  found  that  expansion 
then  given  has  been  sufficient  to  offset  the  contraction  in  the  weld  when 
cooling. 

Aluminum 

Aluminum  to  be  welded  should  be  well  scraped  and  cleaned,  on  account 
of  oxidation,  and  all  aluminum  solder,  or  paint,  which  may  have  been 
previously  used  must  be  removed.  If  the  metal  is  more  than  54  inch  in 
thickness,  it  is  advisable  to  chamfer  it. 

The  oxy- acetylene  flame  may  be  softened  by  using  an  excess  of 
acetylene  to  an  extent  which  will  be  indicated  by  the  extension  of  the 
acetylene  cone  from  I  inch  to  1^2  inches  beyond  the  white  cone.  This 
excess  of  acetylene  does  not  injure  aluminum,  but  lowers  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  flame,  which  is  desirable  in  welding  aluminum. 

To  make  a  good  weld  in  aluminum,  it  may  be  necessary  to  heat  the 
whole  piece  to  be  welded  by  a  charcoal  fire,  or  in  a  furnace,  to  about 
600  degrees  F.  A  good  deal  of  the  work  may,  however,  be  accomplished 
by  a  skilled  welder  without  preheating,  particularly  if  the  metal  is  alloyed 
with  copp-er  and  not  zinc.  Cover  the  piece  with  asbestos,  or  by  other 
means,  making  an  opening  where  the  weld  is  to  be  made,  thus  keeping 
the  whole  piece  hot  until  the  weld  is  completed.  After  the  weld  is 
finished,  cover  the  piece  completely  to  protect  it  against  drafts,  and  so 
that  it  will  cool  very  slowly  to  prevent  shrinkage  cracks. 

It  will  be  noticed  when  the  aluminum  at  the  fracture  is  fused  it  does 
not  run  together;  an  iron  rod,  the  point  of  which  is  flattened,  should  be 
used  to  puddle  the  aluminum  and  this  rod  should  be  wiped  frequently, 
so  that  it  will  not  become  coated  with  aluminum.  A  good  aluminum 
flux  will  be  found  advantageous.  Great  care  should  be  taken  not  to  let 


APPENDIX  V 


137 


the  rod  reach  a  red  heat,  as  this  would  cause  oxide  of  iron  to  form,  and 
this  mixing  with  molten  aluminum  would  make  a  defective  weld. 

In  some  cases  temporary  molds  of  plaster  of  paris  or  fire  clay  can  be 
used  to  advantage  in  making  welds.  There  are  many  pieces  of  aluminum 
that  can  be  welded  together  without  preheating,  as  will  soon  be  learned 
by  the  experience  of  the  operator.  Lugs  or  projecting  pieces  broken  com- 
pletely off  do  not  require  to  be  preheated.  Pieces  broken  out  or  pieces 
entirely  lost  can,  in  nearly  all  cases,  be  fitted  in  O.  K.  or  built  up  with  little 
difficulty. 

Brass  and  Bronze 

Adjust  the  flame  with  the  single  cone  as  for  steel  welding.  Keep  the 
point  of  the  white  flame  slightly  away  from  the  weld,  according  to  the 
thickness  of  the  piece,  so  that  the  heat  will  not  be  sufficient  to  volatilize 
the  zinc  or  tin  which  is  in  the  brass.  If  a  white  smoke  should  be  created, 
remove  the  flame,  as  this  indicates  that  too  much  heat  is  being  used. 
A  good  flux  should  be  used  in  both  brass  and  bronze  welding.  In  welding 
these  metals  it  is  desirable  to  use  about  one  size  larger  tip  than  for  an 
equal  thickness  of  steel. 

Care  should  be  taken  not  to  breathe  any  fumes  given  off  while  welding 
brass. 

Copper 

To  weld  copper,  use  the  same  kind  of  flame  as  for  steel,  but  a  much 
larger  tip  and  flame  must  be  employed  for  pieces  of  equal  dimensions, 
because  of  the  great  radiating  property  of  copper.  Preheating  is  necessary 
when  a  large  piece  of  copper  is  to  be  welded;  otherwise  the  heat  of  the 
torch  would  be  absorbed  by  radiation,  and  little  left  for  the  fusion  of  the 
metal. 

Welded  copper  has  only  the  strength  of  cast  copper,  but  it  can  be 
rendered  more  tenacious  by  hammering. 

The  radiation  of  heat  from  copper  can  be  much  lessened  by  covering 
the  same  with  asbestos  sheets  while  welding. 

Copper  to  Steel 

To  weld  copper  to  steel,  first  bring  the  steel  to  a  white  heat  (the 
welding  point),  then  put  the  copper  into  contact  and  the  two  metals  will 
fuse  together,  making  a  perfect  weld.  When  the  copper  commences  to 
flow,  withdraw  the  flame  slightly,  in  order  not  to  burn  the  copper. 

High-Speed  Steel 

To  weld  high-speed  steel  to  ordinary  machine  steel,  the  end  of  the 
high-speed  steel  to  be  welded  must  first  be  heavily  coated  with  soft  special 
iron.  This  can  best  be  done  by  preheating  the  piece  uniformly  all  over 


138  APPENDIX  V 

as  hot  as  is  safe  before  welding.  After  being  cooled,  it  can  then  be 
welded  to  an  ordinary  machine  steel  without  burning;  but  it  takes  an 
experienced  welder  to  make  a  good  weld  of  this  kind. 

Cast  Iron  to  Steel 

To  weld  cast  iron  to  steel,  cast-iron  rods  must  be  used  as  the  welding 
material.  The  steel  must  be  heated  to  the  melting  point  first,  as  cast  iron 
melts  at  a  lower  temperature.  Very  little  scaling  powder  should  be  used. 

Malleable   Iron 

Welding  malleable  iron  is  difficult  for  several  reasons.  If  brought  to 
the  melting  point,  and  kept  there  for  any  length  of  time,  the  metal  becomes 
spongy.  When  brought  to  the  melting  point  it  is  no  longer  malleable 
iron,  but  is  practically  cast  iron.  It  is,  therefore,  undesirable  to  fuse  it. 
This  can  be  obviated  by  using  a  bronze  welding  rod  with  a  good  flux 
in  much  the  same  way  as  brass  is  welded.  If  properly  done  this  will 
have  a  strength  comparable  with  the  malleable  iron. 

Oxygen  Cutting 

Steel,  wrought  iron — or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  "old  fashioned 
iron" — and  cast  steel  are  the  only  materials  capable  of  being  cut  by  this 
process.  Cast  iron  cannot  be  cut. 

The  work  requires  a  cutting  torch  and  cannot  be  done  successfully 
with  the  welding  torch. 

The  process  consists  of  heating  a  spot  of  the  metal  to  be  cut  to  a 
red  heat  and  projecting  upon  it  a  jet  of  pure  oxygen  which  causes  the 
metal  to  burn  away,  a  stream  of  oxide  running  out  of  the  kerf  thus 
produced. 

The  torch  is  advanced  at  a  rate  dependent  upon  the  thickness  and 
nature  of  the  metal  and  the  pressure  and  volume  of  oxygen  being  used. 

The  cutting  equipment  is  set  up  in  the  same  manner  as  the  welding 
equipment,  except  that  the  oxygen  regulator  is  set  at  the  pressure  neces- 
sary to  produce  the  required  cut.  This  may  be  taken  from  the  table. 

After  lighting  the  acetylene,  the  oxygen  is  turned  on  by  means  of  the 
by-pass  needle  valve  on  the  side  of  the  handle,  until  a  correct  flame  is 
obtained.  It  will  be  necessary  to  adjust  the  flame  with  the  cutting  trigger 
valve  open  to  get  correct  results. 

Tips  for  different  purposes  have  from  one  to  five  flames ;  the  tip  with 
two  heating  flames  and  one  cutting  jet  is  used  for  most  classes  of  work. 
These  are  played  upon  the  metal  until  it  is  seen  to  glow  all  over.  The 
trigger  on  the  underside  of  the  handle  is  then  pulled  with  the  first  finger, 
allowing  a  stream  of  oxygen  to  impinge  on  the  hot  spot,  which  starts 


APPENDIX  V  139 

the  cut,  and  when  it  is  desired  to  stop,  the  trigger  is  pushed  in  the  opposite 
direction  by  the  back  of  the  second  ringer. 

The  torch  is  traversed  along  at  a  uniform  rate  about  the  same  as 
that  necessary  to  saw  by  hand  equal  thicknesses  of  hard  wood.  The 
torch  must  be  kept  moving  or  the  flow  of  slag  stops,  thus  stopping  the  cut. 

The  principal  factor  in  successful  cutting  is  to  properly  support  the 
body  and  torch  to  as  great  an  extent  as  possible  commensurate  with  the 
forward  movement  of  the  torch.  The  position  must  be  an  easy  one,  as 
muscles  under  tension  will  cause  vibrations  and  these  are  fatal  to  good 
cutting.  This  is  one  condition  in  which  "lounging"  is  allowable,  and  an 
actual  benefit. 

Oxygen  pressure  should  be  kept  as  low  as  possible,  and  the  most 
economical  cut  is  one  in  which  the  striations  formed  on  the  surface  of 
the  cut  show  a  considerable  lag!  This,  however,  affects  somewhat  the 
smoothness  of  the  cut.  Extreme  smoothness  is  more  dependent  upon  a 
uniform  correct  traverse  in  accordance  with  the  size  of  the  tip  and 
pressure  being  used.  Too  fast  and  too  slow  traverse  will  both  produce  a 
rough  cut. 

When  the  torch  is  held  in  a  machine  such  as  the  Oxygraph,  Radiagraph, 
Magnetograph  or  Pyrograph,  very  smooth,  accurate  results  are  produced, 
comparable  with  roughing  machine  tools. 

The  Radiagraph  is  a  motor-driven  device,  with  oxy-acetylene  or  oxy- 
hydrogen  cutting  torch,  adapted  to  cutting  along  straight  lines  or  circles 
in  steel  plate  from  y±  inch  to  18  or  20  inches  in  thickness,  the  speeds 
varying  from  18  inches  to  2  inches  per  minute  according  to  the  thickness 
of  the  plate.  For  straight  line  cutting,  it  operates  upon  a  parallel  track, 
and  for  circle  cutting,  with  a  rod  and  adjustable  center.  The  device  con- 
sists principally  of  a  three-wheeled  carriage  driven  by  an  electric  motor 
attached  to  the  carriage,  which  may  be  connected  to  the  ordinary  lighting 
or  power  circuit,  either  D.  C.  or  A.  C,  no  or  200  volt  circuit.  An 
adjustable  arm  and  torch  holder  provides  for  raising  or  lowering  the 
torch  while  in  operation,  and  for  adjustment  at  an  angle  for  bevel  cutting. 
The  adjustable  arm  also  permits  of  following  an  irregular  line  within 
a  variation  of  3  inches  on  either  side  of  a  straight  line.  The  cutting  torch 
is  connected  by  hose  to  the  gas  supply.  The  machine  is  portable,  weigh- 
ing approximately  50  pounds  complete,  and  has  proven  an  invaluable  aid 
in  steel  cutting,  greatly  facilitating  such  work  in  shipyards  and  steel 
mills,  several  machines  being  employed  advantageously  in  some  of  the 
larger  plants.  See  Plates  LXVI  and  LXVII. 

Numerous  special  tips  are  available  for  special  purposes,  including 
bent  tips  to  trim  off  flanges  close  to  the  web  of  structural  shapes  and  to  cut 
off  rivet  and  bolt  heads,  and  for  cutting  inside  of  boiler  tubes. 


140 


APPENDIX  V 


TABLE  I. — FACTORS  IN  MACHINE  CUTTING 
Style  "  C  "  Machine  Torch 


Cutting 
Tip  No. 

Thickness 
of  Steel 

Pressure  of 
Cutting 
Oxygen 

Pressure  of 
Heating 
Oxygen 

Cubic  Feet 
Oxygen  per 
Foot  of  Cut 

Cubic  Feet 
Acetylene  per 
Foot  of  Cut 

Inches  Cut 
per  Minute 

2 

K" 

I5lbs. 

4lbs. 

.67 

.078 

18" 

2 

#" 

30    ' 

4 

1.20 

.088 

16" 

2 

y<" 

40    ' 

4 

1.  6O 

.094 

15" 

2 

i" 

45    ' 

4 

2.64 

.140 

10" 

2 

iM" 

50    ' 

4 

3-63 

•175 

8" 

3 

i" 

35    ' 

5 

2.30 

•245 

10" 

3 

i#" 

40    ' 

5 

2.89 

.272 

9" 

3 

2" 

50    ' 

5 

4-25 

.305 

8" 

3 

3" 

60    ' 

5 

6.67 

.408 

6" 

4 

3" 

50    ' 

5 

6.00 

•559 

8" 

4 

4" 

60    ' 

5 

8.62 

.688 

6^" 

4 

5" 

75    ' 

5 

11-34 

.746 

6" 

4 

6" 

90    ' 

6 

16.00 

.895 

5" 

4 

7" 

IOO 

6 

17.60 

.895 

5" 

4 

8" 

no 

6 

24.00 

1.119 

4" 

4 

9" 

120 

6 

26.00 

1.119 

4" 

TABLE  II. — APPROXIMATE  CONSUMPTION  OF  GASES  IN  MACHINE  CUTTING 


Tip 

Thickness 

Cubic  Feet  of  Oxygen  Per  Hour  at  Various  Pressures 

|| 

Heating  Jets 

Cubic  Feet  Oxygen  Per  Hour 

No. 

of  Cut 

8 

"*"*  <8*j 

8.2- 

8.8-p 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

At 

** 

fp 

pi 

Ib's5. 

20 

Ibs. 

& 

30 

Ibs. 

& 

40 
Ibs. 

45 
Ibs. 

50 

Ibs. 

60 

Ibs. 

80 
Ibs. 

IOO 

Ibs. 

I 

#"  to  y2" 

3 

3.61 

4.14 

19 

23 

28 

33 

2 

X"  tO  2" 

3 

7.00 

8.00 

72 

84 

96 

1  08 

120 

132 

145 

3 

i  "to  4" 

3 

12.22 

14.17 

80 

IOO 

130 

170 

200 

260 

4 

3"  to  9" 

3 

22.37 

25-50 

160 

2OO 

240 

280 

360 

440 

APPENDIX  V  I4I 

TABLE  III. — APPROXIMATE  CONSUMPTION  OF  GASES  PER  HOUR  IN  HAND 

CUTTING 


Tip 

No. 

Heating  Jets,  Cubic  Feet 
Per  Hour 

Cubic  Feet  of  Oxygen  Used  in  Cutting  Jets  per  Hour 
at  Various  Pressures 

Acetyl- 
ene 
Pressure 

Cubic 
Feet 
Acetylene 

Cubic 
Feet 
Oxygen 

At 
lb5, 

At 

10 

Ibs. 

At 

At 

20 

Ibs. 

At 
30 
Ibs. 

At 
40 

Ibs. 

At 
SO 

Ibs. 

At 
60 

Ibs. 

At 
70 

Ibs. 

At 
80 
Ibs. 

At 

At 

100 

Ibs. 

2 

3 
4 

T" 

12.22 
19.67 
30.60 

14.17 
22.81 

3549 

35 

45 

55 

75 
80 

95 

100 

1  60 

130 
2OO 

135 
170 
240 

2OO 
280 

230 
320 

260 
360 

400 

440 

In  ascertaining  cost  of  hand  cutting  per  hour,  oxygen  may  be  figured  at  two  cents  per 
cubic  foot,  acetylene  at  one  cent  per  cubic  foot  with  acetylene  generator,  or  two  cents  per 
cubic  foot  with  compressed  acetylene.  Conditions  will  be  so  variable  in  hand  cutting  that  an 
average  cost  per  lineal  foot  of  cutting  in  different  thicknesses  of  steel  is  difficult  of  determi- 
nation. More  uniform  conditions  prevail  in  machine  cutting.  In  hand  cutting  it  may  be 
assumed  that  the  operator  will  use  approximately  one-third  more  gas  and  accomplish 
approximately  one-third  less  cutting  per  hour  than  shown  by  the  table  of  machine  cutting, 
the  variation  depending  on  the  skill  of  the  operator. 


TABLE  IV.— APPROXIMATE  HOUR  GAS  CONSUMPTION  FOR  OXY-ACETYLENE 

WELDING 
Style  "C"  Torch 


Tip 
No. 

Thickness 
of  Metal 

Acetylene 
Pressure 

Oxygen 
Pressure 

Acetylene 
Consumption 
per  Hour 

Oxygen 
Consumption 
per  Hour 

LinealFeet 
Welded 
per  Hour 

I 

w 

i  lb. 

2  Ibs. 

3.21  c.f. 

3.6sc.f. 

30  feet 

2 

X." 

2      ' 

4 

4.84C.f. 

5-  50  c.f. 

25  feet 

3 

fc" 

3    ' 

6 

8.I4C.L 

9.  28  c.f. 

20  feet 

4 

#" 

4    ' 

8 

12.50  c.f. 

14.27  c.f. 

15  feet 

5 

&" 

5    ' 

10 

17.81  c.f. 

21  .32  C.f. 

9  feet 

6 

X" 

6    ' 

12 

24.  97  c.f. 

28.  46  c.f. 

6'feet 

7 

X," 

6    ' 

14 

33-  24  c.f. 

37-  90  c.f. 

5  feet 

8 

X" 

6    ' 

16 

41.  99  c.f. 

47.  87  c.f. 

4  feet 

9 

K" 

6    ' 

18 

57-  85  c.f. 

65-95c.f. 

3  feet 

10 

•HT'up 

6    ' 

20 

82  .  50  c.f. 

94  -05  c.f. 

2  feet 

APPENDIX  VI— BIBLIOGRAPHY 

SELECTED  LIST  OF  BOOKS  ON  SHIP  CONSTRUCTION 
AND  EQUIPMENT 

ATTWOOD,  E.  L.    Warships.    Ed.  6,  1917,  Longmans 

ATTWOOD,  E.  L. :    Theoretical  Naval  Architecture.    Ed.  6,  1912,  Longmans. 

ATTWOOD  AND  COOPER,  I.  C.  G. :     Textbook  of   Laying-off.     Ed.  2,  1918, 

Longmans. 
BARTON,   J.    K. :      Naval    Engines    and    Machinery.      Ed.    2,    1906,    U.    S. 

Naval  Inst. 
BILES,  J.  H. :    Design  and  Construction  of  Ships;    1911,  2  v.,  J.  B.  Lippin- 

cott  Company. 
BRAGG,  E.  M. :     Design  of  Marine  Engines  and  Auxiliaries.     1916,  Van 

Nostrand. 
BULLARD,  W.  H.  G. :    Naval  Electricians'  Textbook.    Ed.  4,  1917,  2  v.,  U.  S. 

Naval  Inst. 
DINGER,  H.  C. :     Handbook.     Care  and  Operation  of  Naval  Machinery. 

Ed.  2,  1918,  Van  Nostrand. 

DURAND,  W.  F. :  Practical  Marine  Engineering.  Ed.  4,  1917,  Van  Nostrand. 
GOUDIE,  W.  J. :     Steam  Turbines.     1917,  Longmans. 

GRIERSON,  R. :    Some  Modern  Methods  of  Ventilation.   1917,  Van  Nostrand. 
GRIEVE,  A.  M. :    Elements  of  Refrigeration.     1916,  Wiley. 
HENSCHIEN,   H.    P. :      Packing   House   and    Cold    Storage    Construction. 

Nickerson. 

HOLMS,  A.  C. :    Practical  Shipbuilding.    Ed.  3,  1917,  2  v.,  Longmans. 
HOVGAARD,  W. :    Structural  Design  of  Warships.    1915,  Spon. 
HOVGAARD,  W. :     Submarine  Boats.     1915,  Spon. 

HUGHES,  C.  H. :    Handbook  of  Ship  Calculations,  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion.   1917,  Appleton. 
HUGHES,  C.  H. :    Lloyd's  Rules  for  the  Construction  of  Steel  Vessels.    1916. 

Lloyd's. 
MACKROW,   C.,   AND  WOLLARD,  L. :     Naval  Architect's   and    Shipbuilder's 

Pocketbook.    Ed.  n,  1916,  Van  Nostrand. 

MARKS,  L.  S. :    Mechanical  Engineer's  Handbook.     1916,  McGraw. 
MCMILLAN,  R.  A. :     Calculations  for  Marine  Engineers.    J.  B.  Lippincott 

Company. 

MEYERS,  G.  J. :    Steam  Turbines.     1917,  U.  S.  Naval  Inst. 
PEABODY,  C.  H. :    Naval  Architecture.    Ed.  4,  1917,  Wiley. 
142 


APPENDIX  VI  143 

ROBINSON,  R.  H.  M. :    Naval  Construction.     1909,  U.  S.  Naval  Inst. 
SEATON  AND  ROUNTHWAITE:    Pocketbook  of  Marine  Engineering.    Ed.  13, 

1917,  Griffin. 
SENNETT,  R.,  AND  ORAM,  H.  J. :     Marine   Steam  Engine.     Ed.   13,  1916, 

Longmans. 

SIMPSON,  G. :    Naval  Constructor.    Ed.  4,  1918,  Van  Nostrand. 
SMITH,  R.  H. :    Textbook  of  Advanced  Machine  Work.     1917,  Ind.  Educ. 

Bk.  Co. 

SOTHERN,  J.  W.  M. :    Marine  Steam  Turbine.    Ed.  4,  1916,  Van  Nostrand. 
TAYLOR,  D.  W. :    Speed  and  Power  of  Ships.    1910,  2  v.,  Wiley. 
WALLIS-TAYLER,   A.   J. :     Refrigeration,   Cold   Storage   and   Ice    Making. 

Ed.  6,  1916,  Appleton. 

WILKER,  S.  F. :    Cold  Storage,  Heat  and  Ventilation.    1911,  Van  Nostrand. 
WILLIAMS,  H. :    M.echanical  Refrigeration.    1917,  Macmillan. 


A 
B 
C 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 

PLATE  II. — The  start,  showing  some  of  the  flat  plate  keel  in  place  with  a  few  of  the  garboard 
strake  plates  in  place.  A,  plates  ready  to  place;  B,  start  of  laying  flat  plate  keel;  C,  note  that 
butts  of  keel  and  adjoining  strakes  are  staggered. 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 

PLATE  IV.— The  same  ship  as  Plate  III.  a  few  weeks  later,  showing  how  the  bottom  frames 
shorten  and  the  plating  narrows  in  as  they  come  forward.  A,  note  offset  in  angle  to  take  stem; 
B,  wedges  under  shores  to  give  frequent  adjustment;  C,  side  frames  ready  to  assemble 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 
PLATE    V.— This  illustration  is  in 


blocks     A'bn0^  hwlednVh<?W  th*  method  °f  giving  other  support  than  the  keel 
-KS.    A,  bilge  blocks  (later  launching  ways  are  built  on  these  blocks). 


II 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 

PLATE  VI. — Showing  one  method  of  building  ships  extra  strong.  Double  plate  keel  construc- 
tion. A,  rider  plates;  B,  flanged  floor  plate;  C,  note  that  garboard  strake  is  set  on  top  of  outer 
keel;  D,  outer  keel;  E,  double  keel;  F,  inner  keel;  G,  keel  plate  is  knuckled  or  bent  up  to  take 
form;  H,  shore  to  hold  keel  in  line. 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 


A.  cen 

bulkheads  have  bracs  C 


Photo  by  New  York  Shiplmildin, 


PLATE  VIII.— Same  ship  as  Plates  III  and  IV,  looking  forward.    Shows  method  of  framing 
atter  part  ot  inner  bottom.     A,  garboard  strake  of  bottom  plating. 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 


PLATE  IX —Same  ship  as  Plate  VIII,  showing  how  side  fr 
tank  top  (rubber  gaskets  are  used  with  covers);  B,  clips  riv 
brackets;  C,  fore-peak  bulkhead  (beginning). 


•ames  are  erected.    A,  access  holes  in 
veted  to  margin  plate  to  take  frame 


B 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 

PLATE    X. — Showing  how  work  is   carried   on  in  midships  section    ahead  of   that   done   at 
either  end.     A,  fore  and  aft  line  deck  girders;  B,  panting  beams. 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuild 


PLATE  XII.— General  view  of  deck  framing      A,  deck  beams;  B,  note  the  flare  given  to  these 
frames;  C,  deck  plates  notched  to  take  stiff eners  on  fore-peak  bulkhead. 


Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  ( 


A, 
tha 


BB 


• 

Photo  by  New  York  Shipbuilding  Co. 

n  place  and  upper  deck  on.     A,  part  of  boiler  room  casing-  B    part 
ready  to   place;  D,  hatchway;   E,  hatch  coaming;  F,  manger  plate; 


G.stem 


E  XIVA~Jhe  stei?1  in 
6 


<GQU          Q        HI 


I   s' 

H  1 


rvj 


cr 

p 

a 


I 

w 


o    oa> 


51  P 


DD> 


Courtesy  Submarine  Boat  Corp. 

PLATE  XXII. — Showing  margin  plates  with  bracket  clips  ready  to  be  placed  on   floors. 
A,  vertical  clips  to  take  intercostals. 


<QQ 


0» 


Courtesy  Submarine  Boat  Corp. 

PLATE  XXVIII. — A  view  of  the  bow  in  process  of  construction.     A,  stem;  B,  fore-peak  frames; 

C  and  D,  stealer  plates. 


> 


Courtesy  Submarine  Boat  Corp. 

PLATE  XXX. — A  bow  view  of  first  "fabricated"  ship  just  previous  to  launching.    A,  apron  plate; 

E,  hawse  pipe. 


PLATE  XXXII. — View  to  show  construction  of  shaft  alley.  A,  shaft  tunnel  or  alley;  B,  deep 
beam  to  web  frame;  C,  clips  for  bilge  brackets;  D,  marfein  plate;  E,  stiffeners  or  frames  for  shaft 
alley;  F,  last  few  frames  not  fully  in  place;  G,  web  frame. 


I 


mSS&BB&m 


o 


A 


B 

C 
D 


H 


Courtesy  The  Marine  Engineer. 

PLATE  XXXIV. — A  modern  marine  engine.  A,  indicator  pipe;  B,  piston  rod;  C,  crosshead 
gudgeon  pin;  D,  connecting-rod  top  end  brasses.;  E,  indicator  movement  gear;  F,  crank  web; 
G,  connecting-rod  bottom  end  brasses;  H,  main  bearing;  I,  crankshaft. 


m          ooo 


CD     UQ       UJUu     OX 


>  by  Edwin  Levick,  N.  Y. 

PLATE  XXXVI. — View  of  engine  showing  cast  columns  front  and  back.  A,  valve  stem 
Stuffing  box;  B,  valve  stem;  C,  valve  stem  guide  bracket;  D,  weigh  shaft;  E,  drag  links- 
LF,  valve  quadrant;  G,  cylinder  drains  control  rod;  H,  eccentric  rod;  I,  connecting  rod;  J,  front 
kind  back  column;  K,  eccentric  strap;  L,  eccentric  sheave;  M,  crankshaft. 


<     QQ       U     Q  UJ     UL 


x 

X 

X 


CD 


ra     o  ooajs 


PLATE  XXXIX.— View  of  upper  part  of  engine  room.  A,  engine  room  casing;  B,  lifting 
gear  beam;  C,  lifting  gear  traveler;  D,  lifting  gear;  E,  ventilator;  F,  engine  room  ladder-  G 
forward  end  of  engine  room;  H,  I.  P.  piston  valve  casing  covering;  I,  steam  pipe  from  H.  P.  to 
V*  JV?S;  -L'  •  '  cylmder  covering;  K,  slide  valve  balance  cylinder;  L,  L.  P.  slide  valve  casing 
cover;  M,  hand  rails;  N,  steam  pipe  from  I.  P.  to  L.  P.  cylinder  (under  grating);  O,  top"grating-  p 
escape  valve  dome;  Q,  L.  P.  cylinder  cover. 


<     CD 


X 
r 


i 


00 


CD 


en  u 


11 


*? 

o    . 


DD 


EDO 


Copyright  by  Committee  on  Public  Information. 

PLATE  XLIX. — Illustrating  operations  in  the  yard.     A,  air  reamer  in  operation;  B,  air  caulking 
hammer  in  operation;  C,  steel  mast. 


<OQ  O 


LU 


I 

•d 


FIG.  i. 


PLATE  LIU. — Fig.  i — This  expert  chipper  is  cutting  a  ^-inch-thick  tube  plate.  A,  air 
chipping  machine.  Fig.  2— An  instructor  at  the  Newburgh  shipyard  training  a  learner  to 
caulk  a  seam.  A,  air  caulking  machine. 


PIG.  i. 


FIG.  2. 


PIG.  i 


GOVENQR 
CAS//V6 


FIG.  2 


Courtesy  Westinghouse  Elec.  &  Mfg.  Co. 

PLATE  LIV-A. — Fig.  i,  Westinghouse  L.  P.  turbine.     Fig.  2,  Westinghouse  H.  P.  turbine. 
Fig.  3,  rotator  for  H.  P.  turbine  (Westinghouse).     A,  main  bearings;  B,  water  gland  runner;  C, 
dummy  rings;  D,  Kingsbury  thrust  bearing;  E,  worm  for  driving  governor;  F,  ratchet  gear  for 
[turning  over;  G,  impulse  blading  astein;  H,  reaction  blading  ahead;  I,  impulse  blading  ahead. 


FIG.  i. 


FIG.  2. 

PLATE  LV. — Fig.   i — Driving  flush  rivets  in  tank  top.     A,  air  riveting  hammer.    Fig.  2- 
Driving  snap  rivets  in  floors.     A,  air  riveting  hammer;  B,  air  dollybar. 


Square-Knot 


Granny-Knot 


Sheer-Bend 


Clove -Hitch 


Blackwa//- 
Hitch 


Rackinc/- 
Hitch 


Marlinspike  - 
Hitch 


PLATE  LVI 


I!   Method  of 

securing  d/oc/t 
to  hawser 
w/fh    strap 


Mousina 
on  hook 


Eye  splice  in  wire 


PLATE  LVII 


PLATE  LVIII. — A  General  Electric  Company  turbine  installation  on  a  cargo  ship.  A,  con- 
nection to  condenser;  B,  astern  steam  inlet;  C,  ahead  steam  inlet;  D,  condenser;  E,  reduction 
gear  casing;  F,  exhaust  chamber;  G,  manoeuvring  valve  astern;  H,  manoeuvring  valve  ahead; 
I,  hand  valve. 


PLATE  LX 


PLATE  LXI 


BULWARK 
RAIL 


BULWARK 
STIFFNER 


BOUNDING 
ANGLE 
TO  DEC K- 


u/p 


CLIP 


PLATE  LXII 


5  £ 


RUST  AND  CORROSION 

Are  the  Worst  Elements  to  Contend  With 
in  the  Maintenance  of 

STEEL  STEAMERS 

Especially  in  the  Water  Ballast  Tanks, 
Bilges,  Structure  under  Engines  and  Boilers. 
They  are  Permanently  Protected  by 


HERMASTIC 

gives  durable  protection 

SOLUTION 

COATINGS 


ENAMEL  TtRMASlll         CEMENT 

gives  durable  protection 

SOLUTION 


FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY 
American  Bitumastic  Enamels  Company 

17  Battery  Place,  New  York 
Philadelphia  Cleveland 


TERBURY 

WIRE  AND  FIBRE  ROPES 

Partial  List  of  Subjects  Covered  in  This  Book 
WIRE  ROPE 

Comparative  Strength  of  Wire  Rope  and  Manila 

Rope. 

Construction  of  Wire  Rope. 
Cross  Sections  of  Wire  Rope. 
Diameters  of  Round  Wire  Ropes. 
Factors  of  Safety. 
How  to  Order  Wire  Rope. 
Types  of  Wire  Rope. 
Lays  of  Rope. 
Lubrication  of  Wire  Rope. 
Power  Transmitted  by  Wire  Rope. 
Splicing  Wire  Rope,  Directions. 
Use  of  Wire  Rope,  Correct  Practice. 
Weights  of  Round  Wire  Ropes. 
Wire  Gauges. 

CORDAGE 

"Drillwell"  Drilling  Cables. 

Hoisting  or  Fall  Rope. 

Horse  Power  Transmitted  at  Various  Speeds. 

Lubrication  of  Fibre  Ropes. 

Other  Names  for  Ropes  and  Yarns. 

Rules  for  Ropes,  Blocks  and  Tackle. 

Slings. 

Splices. 

Towing  or  Canal  Lines. 

Transmission  Rope  Weights  and  Measurements. 

Waterbury  Standard  Manila  Rope. 

Weights  and  Measures  for  Export  Shipments. 

Words  and  Phrases  Relating  to  Cordage. 

A  Complimentary  Copy  of 
this  220  Page  Hand  Book 

will  be  forwarded  to  you  promptly  if  requested 
of  the  nearest  Waterbury  Office. 

Chicago,  1315-1321  W.  Congress  St. 
San  Francisco,  151-161    Main  St. 
Dallas,  Texas,  A.  T.  Powell  &  Co. 
New  Orleans,  1018  Maison  Blanche  Bldg. 


The  machine  here  shown 
is  of  two-tons  refrigerat- 
ing capacity  and  cools 
the  refrigerator  for  ship's 
stores.  The  complete  ma- 
chine, including  the 
compressor,  engine,  con- 
denser, liquid  receiver, 
oil  separator,  and  the 
connecting  piping,  fit- 
tings, etc.,  is  installed 
in  a  space  only  8  by  6 
feet. 


BRUNSWICK 
REFRIGERATING  COMPANY 

Manufacturers  of   Refrigerating  and  Ice 
Making    Equipment    for    Marine  \Vork 

700-750  JERSEY  AVENUE 

NEW  BRUNSWICK,  NEW  JERSEY 


This  picture  shows  a 
duplicate  unit  of  Bruns- 
wick Duplex  Direct  Con- 
nected Compressors,  each 
of  four-tons  refrigerating 
capacity.  These  machines 
are  responsible  for  the 
cooling  of  the  ship's  stores 
refrigerators,  general 
cargo  cold  storage,  and 
cold  drinking  water  for  the 
entire  ship.  The  type  of 
Brunswick  Installation 
for  the  Small  Cargo  Car- 
rier or  Passenger  Ship. 


MORE  POWER— LESS  FUEL 


Firetube  Superheaters  will  give  your  ships  a 
wider  steaming  radius  on  a  given  fuel  consump- 
tion. They  produce  these  results  with  smaller 
boilers. 

Firetube  Superheaters  have  sufficient  capa- 
city to  provide  an  increase  in  sustained  power 
and  will  deliver  the  specified  amount  of  super- 
heat under  all  operating  conditions. 

Firetube  Superheaters  can  be  applied  to  your 
vessels  without  laying  them  up. 

MARINE  SUPERHEATERS 

Locomotive  Superheater  Co. 

30  Church  Street,  New  York      People's  Gas  Bldg.,  Chicago 


METROPOLITAN 
INJECTORS 

Single  or  Double  Tube 

Screwed  or  Flanged 
Universally  Used  for  Marine  Work 


ASHCROFT 

GAUGES 

CLOCKS 
COUNTERS 

AND 

INDICATORS 

Known  throughout  the 
world  for  quality  and 
reliability. 

CONSOLIDATED 

MARINE 

SINGLE  and  DUPLEX 
SAFETY  VALVES 

Made  of 

Iron,  Semi-Steel  or  Composition 

Approved  by  Lloyds,  The  American 
Bureau  of  Shipping,  The  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation,  The  U.  S.  Navy  Depart- 
ment, etc. 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

MANNING,  MAXWELL 
&  MOORE,  Inc. 

The  Ashcroft  Manufacturing  Company  Sales  Department 

Mfg.  Gauges,  Clocks,  Counters,  etc. 
The  Consolidated  Safety  Value  Company  Sales  Department 

Mfg.  Consolidated  Safety  Valves. 
The  Hayden  &  Derby  Manufacturing  Company  Sales  Department 

Mfg.  Metropolitan  Injectors. 

The  Hancock  Inspirator  Company  Sales  Department 
Mfg.  Hancock  Inspirators 

Main  Office:  119  West  40th  Street,  New  York 


REGRINDING 

VALVES 

FOR  MARINE  WORK 


MADE  TO  THE  SAME 
STANDARD  OF  QUALITY 
AS  FAIRBANKS  SCALES 


THE  FAIRBANKS  COMPANY 

MANUFACTURERS 

AND 
DISTRIBUTORS 

FACTORY  SALES  BRANCHES  IN 

BINGHAMTON,  N.  Y.  ALL  PRINCIPAL  CITIES 

WRITE  FOR  VALVE  CATALOGUE  NO.  825 


EST. 
1830 

WALL 

WALK  LAID 
ROPE 


WALL  ROPE  WORKS,  Inc. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

WALK  LAID 

MANILA  ROPE 

AND 


OAKUM 


WORKS:  BEVERLY,  NEW  JERSEY 

The  Longest  Rope  Walk  in  the  World 


MAIN  OFFICE:  NEW  YORK 

BRANCHES: 

DREXEL  BUILDING,  PHILADELPHIA 
BALTIMORE        NORFOLK       NEW  ORLEANS 


THE  PHOENIX  IRON 
COMPANY 

MAIN  OFFICE,  PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 

DISTRICT  OFFICES 
NEW  YORK          BOSTON          ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 
OPEN  HEARTH  STEEL 
STRUCTURAL  SHAPES 

SHAPES  FOR  SHIPBUILDING 
A  SPECIALTY 

Oldest  Structural    Shapes 
Manufacturers  in  America 


THE 

PHOENIX  BRIDGE 
COMPANY 

DESIGNERS  AND  CONSTRUCTORS  OF 

BUILDINGS,  BRIDGES  AND 
OTHER  STEEL  STRUCTURES 

Works  at  Phoenixville,  Pa. 


LAMINATED  Shims  are  easily  made  by  merely  peeling  off 
layers  to  required  thickness.  No  filing.  No  assembling.  No 
wasted  time  and  labor.  Adjustments  accurate.  Surface  as 
smooth  as  glass.  shims  of  LAMINUM 

are  composed  of  a  number 
of  layers  of  brass  held 
firmly  together  by  a  me- 
tallic binder. 


Adopted    by   Governments,    Engineers,    Engine 
Builders  the  world  over 

Laminated  Shim  Co., 

England  :  R.  A.  Rothermel,  6  Great  Marlboro  St.,  London,  W. 


LIFE  IS  RISKY 

Be  prepared.  Get  this  pocket  guide  to  first  aid.  The  best  and  most 
compact  book  for  mechanics,  factory  workers,  police,  life  guards,  fire- 
men, sailors,  etc. 

FIRST  AID  IN  EMERGENCIES 

By  ELDRIDGE  L.  ELIASON,  M.D.,  is  the  book,  with  its  convenient  thumb 
index  and  illustrations,  that  will  make  you  prepared  to  meet  ALL 
EMERGENCIES  arising  from  accidents  or  sickness. 

106  ILLUSTRATIONS 

which  thoroughly  explain  the  directions  given  in  the  text  for  the  quick 
treatment  of 

BURNS  DROWNING       FRACTURES  SPRAINS 

POISONING  SNAKEBITES  SUFFOCATION  HEMORRHAGES 
ARTERIAL  BLEEDING  ASPHYXIATION  ETC.,  ETC.,  ETC. 

ONLY  $1.50  NET 

DIMINISH  RISK         SAFETY  FIRST        GET  THIS  BOOK  AT  ONCE 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 

227  So.  6tli  St.,  Pkila.,  Pa. 


HORACE  T.  POTTS  &  CO. 

FOUNDED  1815 

MAIN  OFFICE,  316  N.  Third  Street 

WAREHOUSES: 
316-18-20  N.  Third  Street 

317-19-21  N.  Orianna  Street 

340-42-44  N.  Orianna  Street 

We  Can  Ship  Immediately  From  Stock- 

STEEL  IRON 

Round,  Square,  Flat  and  Hexa-         Rounds,  Squares,  Flats,  Bevels, 
gon  Bars,  Sheets,  Bands,  Hoops,         Half-ovals,  Half-rounds,  Double 


Tire,  Toe-Calk  Spring,   Tool, 
Anvils,    Cold    Rolled,     Screw 


Refined,    Stay    Bolt,     Round 
Edge   Tire,  Fender  Iron,  etc. 


Stock,  Angles,  Tees,  Channels,  BOX  STRAPPINGS 

Plates  Sheared  and  Universal. 

of  All  Weights,  Strengths, 

GALVANIZED  Sizes  and  Pattems- 

Sheets,    Hoops,    Bars   and  FRICTIONLESS 

Shapes,  Corrugated  Roofing.  BEARING  METAL 

ARMCO  IRON  WELDING  RODS 

ATLAS  ZINC  BOILER  PLATES 
"POTTS  SUPERIOR"  High  Speed  Steel 
"POTTS  SPECIAL"  Drill  Rods 
"SODERFORS  EXTRA  SPECIAL"  Tool  Steel 
"SODERFORS  BEST"  Tool  Steel 
"CROWN  RAZOR"  Tool  Steel 
"TROJAN"  Tool  Steel 
"PENN"  Machinery  Steel 

PROMPT  SHIPMENT  ASK  FOR  CATALOGUE 


Marine  Electrical  Equipment  for 

SHIPS  AND  SHIPYARDS 

Generator  Sets  Switchboards 

Motors  Interior  Communication 

Waterproof  Fixtures  Electric  Fittings 

Get  our  quotations  before  purchasing.     Write 

ELECTRIC  SERVICE  DEPARTMENT 
J.  LIVINGSTON  &  COMPANY 

CONSTRUCTING  ENGINEERS 
104  EAST  FORTY-FIRST  STREET,  NEW  YORK 

Executive  Office — Grand  Central  Terminal,  New  York 

Branch  Offices— Washington,  D.  C;  Cleveland,  Ohio;  Syracuse,  N.  Y. ; 

Glen  Cove,  L.  I. 


VACUUM  REFRIGERATION 
COMPANY 

OTIS  BUILDING 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  U.  S.  A. 

SMALL  REFRIGERATING  EQUIPMENTS 
FOR  VESSELS  AND  YACHTS 

Operated  by  steam,  gas  or  kerosene. 
No  running  machinery. 
No  skilled  attention  required. 
Automatically  controlled. 

The  Most  Economic  Apparatus  on  the  Market. 
Contractors  to  United  States  Shipping  Board,  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation. 


MODERN  SHIPBUILDING 
TERMS  DEFINED 

by 

STEWARD  DAVIT 
&  EQUIPMENT  CORP. 
17  Battery  Place,  N.  Y. 

Mechanical  Chock  Fittings,  a  support 
that  "releasably "  holds  the  lifeboat 
and  lashings,  so  arranged  to  permit 
instantaneous  release  from  the  deck. 

Mechanical  Davits,  an  ultra  modern  de- 
vice that  picks  up  lifeboat  and  swings 
it  clear  of  ship's  side  in  a  few  seconds. 

Mechanical  Falls  Gear,  lowers  the  boat 
into  the  water  on  an  even  keel.  One 
man  only  operates. 

Mechanical  Boat  Release,  a  well-tested 
device  that  releases  the  boat  from  the 
falls  instantly  and  both  ends  simul- 
taneously. One  man  operates. 

All  vessels  built  at  Hog  Island  and  in 
many  other  modern  yards  carry  Steward 
equipment. 

Old-style  chocks,  davits,  gears  and  hooks 
are  constantly  being  removed  from  older 
ships  and  modern  installations  made.  Don't 
be  the  last  to  change.  Safety  and  seconds 
count  in  launching  a  lifeboat. 


W.  O.  DAVEY  &  SONS 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

OAKUM 

GASKET  BOARD 

FRICTION  BOARD 

BOARD  FOR  BLUE  PRINT  MOUNTS 

• 

JERSEY  CITY,  N.  J. 


WAGER  BRIDGE  WALL 


INTERIOR  OF  FURNACE  SCOTCH  MARINE  BOILER 

A  —  Standard  Sections  B  —  Spacing  Section  C—  Corrugated  Sections 

WAGER  FURNACE  BRIDGE  WALL  CO.,  Inc. 

Philadelphia,  Detroit,  Seattle,  Portland,  San  Francisco 


crnr 


Foreign  Representation 


EUGENE  E.  NICE 

MANUFACTURER  OF 

Architectural,  Marine 
Machine  and  Technical 

PAINTS       STAINS       FILLERS 
ENAMELS      VARNISHES 

268-274  S.  Second  St.  201-207  Spruce  St. 

PHILADELPHIA 

Penna.  R.  R.,  State,  High  and  Howell  Sts. 
Camden,  N.  J. 


The  Samuel  J.  Creswell 
Iron  Works 

23d  and  Cherry  Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Specialists  in  Cast  Iron,  Wrought  Iron 
and  Steel  Products 

Fronts  for  Buildings,  Stairways — Straight  and  Spiral ; 
Railings,  Gates,  Stable  Fixtures,  Fenders  for  Door- 
ways, Vault  Lights,  Columns,  Beams  and  Girders, 
Elevator  Fronts,  Grilles,  Vault  Covers,  Manhole  Cov- 
ers, Doors  and  Frames,  Sewer  Inlets,  Spout  Shoes, 
Lamp  Standards  and  Brackets,  Builders'  Iron  Work. 

Miscellaneous    Castings,    General    Foundry    and 
Blacksmith  Work 


D.  J.  NORMOYLE 

Electric  Traveling  Cranes 
Machine  Tools 

237-41  North  Sixth  St. 

Philadelphia 


"SAFETY  FIRST  AND  ALWAYS 


Safety  Glasses  for  Every  Industrial  Purpose 

Care  should  be  exercised  in  selecting  the  proper  Eye  Protector  for  each 

particular  kind  of  work. 
Safety  Glasses  increase  the  efficiency,  safety  and  welfare  of  the  workmen. 

LET  US  HELP  YOU— 

Write  for  information  and  prices  on  our  line 

McINTIRE,  MAGEE  &  BROWN  CO. 

723  Sansom  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


GRAY  SHEET  METAL  CUTTER 


No  matter  what  shapes  you  wish 
to  cut  in  sheets  and  plates,  it  can 
be  accomplished  quicker  and  bet- 
ter with  the  Gray  Sheet  and  Plate 
Cutter. 

It  will  eliminate  practically  all 
Torch  Cutting  and  hand  work. 
Cuts  to  V  radius  and  up,  makes 
inside  cuts  any  conceivable  shape 
starting  from  the  edge  of  the 
sheet.  NO  OTHER  CUTTER 
will  accomplish  as  much  in  a 
Plate  Shop.  We  want  to  tell  you 
more  about  it. 

Swind  Machinery  Co. 

1110  Widener  Bldg. 
PHILADELPHIA,   PA. 


'Lea  Simplex 


Cuts  structural  shapes 
— straight  or  on  angle  ab- 
solutely square.  Bar  stock 
or  forgings  to  exact  length. 
Occupies  less  floor  space 
than  any  other  cutting  off 
machine.  Has  greater 
capacity  for  size  of  blade 
than  other  types  of  saws. 
Send  for  booklet  with 
photos  of  machines  cut- 
ting various  material. 


DESIGNED  AND  MANUFACTURED  BY 

The  Earle  Gear  and  Machine  Company 

4712  Stenton  Avenue,  Philadelphia,  Penna. 


The  Westinghouse  Marine  System 

SYMBOLIZES  THE  MOST  HIGHLY  DEVELOPED 

Ship  Propulsion  Machinery 

OF 

Modern  Marine  Practice 


Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Co. 
"MACHINE  WORKS" 

EAST  PITTSBURGH  AND  SOUTH  PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


ESTABLISHED  1827 

DE  GRAUW,  AYMAR  &  COMPANY 

MANUFACTURERS  &  IMPORTERS  OF 

CORDAGE,  OARS,  FLAGS,  OAKUM 
COTTON  AND  FLAX  DUCK,  CHAINS 
ANCHORS,  ROLLED  ZINC  BOILER  PLATES 

Marine  Hardware  and  Ship 
Chandlers'  Goods  Generally 

SOLE  AGENTS  U.  S. 
J.  MOTH'S  RUSSIA  BOLT  ROPE 

NOS.  34  AND  35  SOUTH  ST.,  NEW  YORK 

Factories:  New  York  City;  Baton  Rouge,  La.;  Plaquemine,  La.;  Osceola,  N.  Y. 


Uniform  Consistency 

Lowest  Launching  Cost 

Not  Affected  by  Changes  in  Temperature 


Write  for  Prices  and  Full  Particulars 

BORNE,  SCRYMSER  CO. 

80    South    Street,     NEW    YORK 

BOSTON  PHILADELPHIA 

36  Central  Wharf  437  Chestnut  Street 


ACID  OPEN  HEARTH 
STEEL  CASTINGS 

Castings  from  1  to  8,000  Lbs.  Each 


Awning  and  Rail  Stanchions 

High  and  Low  Pressure  Pipe  Fittings 

Engine  Castings       Boom  Fittings 

Hull  Castings  Deck  Fittings 

Cleats  and  Chocks 

Miscellaneous  Ship  Castings 

Also  Army  and  Navy  Ordnance  Castings 

Castings  in  accordance  with  Army, 
Navy,  Railroad,  American  Bureau  of 
Shipping  and  Lloyds  Specifications 

Nickel  and  Vanadium  Steel  Castings 


INQUIRIES  SOLICITED 

Atlantic  Steel  Castings  Co. 

CHESTER,  PA. 


ISHERWOOD  SYSTEM 


OF 


SHIP  CONSTRUCTION 

Suitable  For  All  Types  of  Vessels 
Specially  Advantageous  For  Oil  Steamers 


Increased 
Strength 

Increased 
Capacity  for 
Bale  Goods 

Increased 

Deadweight 

Capacity 

Improved 
Ventilation 


Reduced  Cost 

of 
Maintenance 

Reduced 
Vibration 

1200  vessels 
representing 
about  5,000,- 
000  tons  dead- 
weight carry- 
ing capacity 


For  Particulars  Apply  to 


J.  W.  ISHERWOOD 

17  Battery  Place,  New  York  City 

TELEPHONE  RECTOR  6838 

and  at  4  Lloyd's  Avenue,  London,  E.  C.,  England 


WE  ARE  ORIGINAL 

MANUFACTURERS 

OF 

85%  MAGNESIA 

W&aK 

THE  SYNONYM  FOR 

EFFICIENCY  IN  PIPE  AND 

BOILER    COVERINGS 

8MHI 

READY  FOR  ANY  SERVICE 

The  regular  standard  covering  in  the  United 
States  Navy.     The  most  efficient  armor  known 

*  IHMWI 

for  the  defense  of  steam—"  85  %  MAGNESIA" 
— when  applied  according  to  the  best  estab- 
lished engineering  practice. 
For  full  and  scientific  Specifications  or  prices, 

$JBK$8|t; 

write  to 


KEASBEY  &  MATTISON  COMPANY 

1927  Market  Street 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Main  Office  &  Factory  Covering  Contractors 

AMBLER,  PA.  at  Hog  Island 


ESTABLISHED  1871 


CHESTER  STEEL  CASTINGS  CO, 

STEEL  CASTINGS 


CHESTER 


PENNA. 


DAVIS-BOURNONVILLE 

Oxy- Acetylene — Oxy- Hydrogen 
Welding  &  Cutting  Apparatus 


"  Davis  Apparatus "  for  Oxy-Acetylene  and  Oxy-Hydrogen  welding 
and  cutting  and  for  the  generation  and  compression  of  Acetylene, 
Oxygen  and  Hydrogen  is  extensively  employed  by  shipyards  of  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  including  the  American  International, 
Federal,  Chickasaw,  Merchants,  New  York,  Newport  News,  Bethlehem, 
Skinner  &  Eddy,  Todd  yards,  and  others,  and  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yards. 
A  complete  list  of  users  will  be  furnished,  and  engineering  service,  with 
the  longest  experience  and  greatest  development  in  manufacturing  and 
application,  is  available. 

The  Radiagraph,  Oxygraph  and  Pyrograph,  and  other  mechanical  cut- 
ting devices,  are  exclusive  developments  of  this  company. 

The  successful  welding  of  the  main  engine  cylinders  on  the  Neckar, 
Rhein  and  Bulgaria,  German  boats  seized  by  the  U.  S.  Government, 
was  effected  with  Davis  Oxy-Acetylene  Apparatus,  as  described  in  the 
Journal  of  the  American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers,  November,  1917. 

DAVIS-BOURNONVILLE  GO. 

General  Offices,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 


Atlanta 
Boston 
Chicago 
Cincinnati 


Cleveland 
Detroit 
Jersey  City 
Los  Angeles 


Minneapolis 
Niagara  Falls 
Philadelphia 
Pittsburgh 


Jersey  City,  N.  J. 


FACTORIES 

Elkhart,  Ind. 


St.  Louis 
San  Francisco 
Seattle 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Niagara  Falls,  Ont. 


PQ 


Geo.  Oldham  &  Son  Co. 

Frankford,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Manufacturers  of 


Pneumatic 
Tools 

For  Shipbuilding 


Chipping 

and 
Calking  Hammers 

Riveters 
and  Holder-Ons 

Jam  Riveters 

All  Sizes  and  Capacities 
for  the  Shipyard 


Complete  Line  of  Pneumatic 
Tools  of  Merit 


TOOLS  SENT  ON  APPROVAL 


SEND  FOR  CATALOG 


ASSOCIATED  '"Bond"  COMPANIES 
CHARLES  BOND  COMPANY 

617-619  Arch  Street  -  -  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Manufacturers  of 

Oak  Tanned  Leather  Belting, 
Grundy  Flexible  Insulated  Couplings. 

General  Jobbers  in 

Power  Transmitting,  Conveying  and  Elevating  Machinery. 
Textile  Supplies  of  Every  Description. 


Bond  Foundry  and  Machine  Company 

Manheim,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 


Manufacturers  of 

Shaft  Hangers,  Couplings,  Collars  and  other 
Power  Transmitting  Machinery. 


Christiana  Machine 
Company 

Christiana,  Pa. 

FOUNDERS  AND  MACHINISTS 

Manufacturers  of 

Gears,  Turbine  Water  Wheels,  Large  Iron  Pulleys 
and  Special  Machinery. 


J.  &  G.  RICH  COMPANY 

120-122  North  6th  Street          -          -         Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Manufacturers  of 

Special  Machinery  for  Linoleum  and  Rubber  Works, 
Engineers,  Machinists,  Steam  Fitters. 


Bond  Engineering  Works,  Limited 

Foot  of  Cherry  Street        -        Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada 

Manufacturers  of 

Hangers,  Couplings,  Collars,  and  other  Power  Transmitting  Specialties 
for  Canadian  Trade. 


NEWTON 

"MACHINE  TOOLS" 

THE 

"INCUBATORS" 

OF  THE 
METAL  FINISHING  INDUSTRIES 

ORIGINATED,  DESIGNED,  BUILT. 

GIVEN:— INFINITE  TIME  AND  SKILL  MAN  CAN  ACCOM- 
PLISH WITH  ACCURACY 

GIVEN:— MACHINE  TOOLS,  MAN  CAN  MULTIPLY 

THE  FRUITS  OF  HIS  LABORS  INFINITELY 


32-inch  High  Duty  Cold  Metal  Saw 

NEWTON  MACHINE  TOOL  WORKS,  INC. 

23rd  &  VINE  STS.,  PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S.  A. 


126th  YEAR 


Insurance  Company  of 

NORTH  AMERICA 

PHILADELPHIA 

FOUNDED  1792 

FIRE  MARINE 

The  First  Stock  Fire  and  Marine 
Insurance  Company  organized  in 
the  U.  S.  and  oldest  American 
Company  transacting  a  national 
and  international  business. 


Capital . . .  $4,000,000 

Assets  Over $28,000,000 

Losses  Paid  Since  1792,  $192,518,273.33 


\_ 


JAMES  McKAY  COMPANY 

PITTSBURGH,  PENNA, 
MANUFACTURERS 

SHIP'S  CABLE  CHAIN 

SHACKLES 
DROP  FORCINGS 


A  TEN-ACRE  PLANT  BACKED  BY 
THIRTY-EIGHT  YEARS  OF  CON- 
STANT PRODUCTION  OF  CHAIN 
AND  FORCINGS  EXCLUSIVELY 


JAMES  McKAY  COMPANY 

PITTSBURGH,  PENNA. 


_lOOm-7,'40(6936s) 


YB  0420? 


UP 

PRODUCTION 

Airco 
)xy-Acetylene 


389446 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

furnished  on 
request. 

We  can  supply 

complete  equip1 

ment  for  doing 

this  work. 

ES  COMPANY 

.NEW  YORK  CITY 


